diff --git a/content/Chinesisch-lernen-fuer-die-Sinologie,-Band-1/.apkg-spec.yaml b/content/Chinesisch-lernen-fuer-die-Sinologie,-Band-1/.apkg-spec.yaml
index 84fff5801c6236e426b78d9497846ad23bf606ca..2ff9688ac3629f2bce78e6a468ab4d046cdb726a 100644
--- a/content/Chinesisch-lernen-fuer-die-Sinologie,-Band-1/.apkg-spec.yaml
+++ b/content/Chinesisch-lernen-fuer-die-Sinologie,-Band-1/.apkg-spec.yaml
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ content:
file_patterns:
- 'Vokabeln/*.csv'
deck_name_pattern: 'Chinesisch lernen für die Sinologie, Band 1::{{card_type}}::{{from_basename}}'
+ delimiter: ';'
fields_mapping:
- guid
- 简体字
diff --git "a/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/.apkg-spec.yaml" "b/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/.apkg-spec.yaml"
index c8899025d1776253f33fc2bfc6ad123d6082fc74..171db8b00316b4e3d6ab3fa0237af6fd36e7d676 100644
--- "a/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/.apkg-spec.yaml"
+++ "b/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/.apkg-spec.yaml"
@@ -1,11 +1,25 @@
-content_version: 1.1.3
+content_version: 2.0.0
templates:
- facts
content:
-- import_apkg:
+- import_csv:
+ content_version: 2024-07-21 18:00:00+00:00
note_type: Facts
+ file_patterns:
+ - '*.txt'
+ delimiter: "\t"
+ deck_name_pattern: 'See fields_mapping'
+ fields_mapping:
+ - guid
+ - deck
+ - Front
+ - Back
+ fields_static:
+ Credits: <div notice-file="EIDPGC_NOTICE"></div>
+ tags: []
resource_paths:
- EIDPGC_NOTICE.js
+- images/Einführung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas
diff --git "a/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/Politische Geschichte.txt" "b/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/Politische Geschichte.txt"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b41f749dccf3ef40858c652046a0445a8fb03bf
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/content/Einf\303\274hrung-in-die-politische-Geschichte-Chinas/Politische Geschichte.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+#separator:tab
+#html:true
+#guid column:1
+#deck column:1
+#tags column:6
+N<lJBSq`Rm Politische Geschichte::Bonus Facts <em>Sun Yat-sen</em>, die zwei üblichen Namen in Pinyin "<img alt=""Sun Yat-sen in London"" src=""449px-Dr._Sun_in_London.jpg"">
+<dl>
+ <dt>Pseudonym aus seiner Zeit in Japan, üblich in Festlandchina</dt>
+ <dd>孙中山, Hochchinesisch: Sūn Zhōngshān</dd>
+
+ <dt>Künstlername aus Schulzeit in Hong Kong</dt>
+ <dd>孙逸仙, Hochchinesisch: Sūn Yìxiān, Kantonesisch: Sun Yat-sen</dd>
+</dl>"
+n7Piv5Z.}u Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was ist die einfachste Kategorie in einer Gesellschaft? Wie hängt sie mit der Gesellschaft zusammen? "<dl>
+ <dt>Einfachste Kategorie:</dt>
+ <dd>Das Individuum: ich du und die anderen.</dd>
+
+ <dt>Ansätze dazu, ob man vom Individuum auf die Gruppe schließen kann:</dt>
+ <dt>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Methodologischer Individualismus: Die Gruppe ist nichts anderes als das Zusammenspiel vieler Ichs.</li>
+ <li>Anderer Ansatz: Die Gruppe hat ihre eigenen Gesetze und Regeln, und das Individuum wird im Handeln davon beeinflusst.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dt>
+</dl>"
+eX-2gDMR|q Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Die andere Grundgesamtheit in der Gesellschaft, neben dem Individuum? Die Familie.
+DcW=X{UyUa Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Warum Politik? Ein Ansatz: Manche Güter sind knapp und es werden Entscheidungen über ihre Verteilung getroffen. Die Herstellung der Entscheidung ist Politik.
+gd0:N4`|_- Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was könnte ein Grund sein, dass Familienverbände auf geographisch noch nicht klar getrennten Gebieten einander bekämpfen? <ul><li>Konflikte über Land, zum Beispiel ausgelöst durch Naturkatastrophen oder klimatische Veränderungen, oder weil man mehr davon haben möchte,</li><li>man möchte die andere Gruppe aus anderen Gründen unterwerfen, zum Beispiel weil man sie nicht mag</li></ul>
+pBVKL_?Zbp Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Ganz grundsätzlich: was machen Autoritäten oder Herrscher? Sie treffen Entscheidungen für die Gruppe. Das erste Beispiel aus der Vorlesung war: gehen wir noch was trinken und wohin, was bei 12 oder mehr Leuten lange dauern kann zu entscheiden.
+qC,Co6Qe/> Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""-007.png"">" Qín Shǐhuángdì, erster Qín-Kaiser.
+Fd!5_qqYu[ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Gruppen in der frühen chinesischen Gesellschaft? "<dl>
+ <dt>Herrscher</dt>
+ <dd></dd>
+
+ <dt>Krieger</dt>
+ <dd>Verteidigen und Erobern, und dürfen Waffen tragen. Müssen für den Herrscher kämpfen. Vor den Qín hauptsächlich Adel.</dd>
+
+ <dt>Kaufleute</dt>
+ <dd>Können mit Geld Politik beeinflussen.</dd>
+
+ <dt>Gelehrte</dt>
+ <dd>Fallen hier nicht mit religiösen Akteuren zusammen sondern bilden eigene Schicht, sehr früh noch Überlappungen. Lernen und können lehren oder Beamte werden.</dd>
+
+ <dt>Religiöse Akteure</dt>
+ <dd>Priester*innen</dd>
+
+ <dt>Bauern</dt>
+ <dd></dd>
+</dl>"
+QrzM7G.ReK Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Beispiele für knappe Güter? <ul><li>Macht,</li><li>Geld,</li><li>Land,</li><li>Ansehen.</li></ul>
+"dCH?.y#ZYT" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Warum verändern sich Gesellschaften? Gute Frage! Ein Grund könnte sein, dass Gruppen ihre eigene Macht und Privilegien erhalten oder ausbauen wollen.
+s=2pOeZ&OK Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie ist die Quellenlage im frühen China? "Es gab offizielle Geschichtschreibung:
+<ul>
+ <li>aber man wollte die aktuelle Dynastie gut dastehen lassen,</li>
+ <li>und es bestand Interesse, den Niedergang der letzten Dynastie als etwas notwendiges hinzustellen,</li>
+ <li>von manchen Quellen wissen wir, dass es sie gibt, aber sie sind nicht mehr erhalten,</li><li>grundsätzlich gibt es viele Quellen und es werden auch neue entdeckt.<br></li></ul>"
+LEx&k1jYPo Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie ist die Shāng-Dynastie in der Vorlesung datiert? 1600–1046 v.d.Z.
+B]tx@ZqHlp Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was ist die erste Dynastie Chinas? "<dl>
+ <dt>Xià</dt>
+ <dd>Eine Ansicht, aber keine schriftlichen Belege.</dd>
+ <dt>Shāng</dt>
+ <dd>Andere Ansicht, nach Xià, hier gibt es Belege.</dd>
+</dl>"
+N_m?N.vZ%d Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was lässt sich über die Rolle von Religion während der Shāng-Dynastie sagen? <ul><li>Primat der Religion, Religion im Zentrum der Herrschaft</li><li>Naturgottheiten, Ahnen und Menschen</li><li>Gottheiten in Kontakt mit Ahnen, Ahnen mit Menschen über Schamanen</li><li>Wahrsagen und Opferpraktiken als Kommunikationsmedium</li></ul>
+fVky]ZdkVs Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Auf wann wird die Zhōu-Dynastie datiert? "1046–256 v.d.Z., aber:
+<ul>
+ <li>Westliche Zhōu startet 1050 v.d.Z.</li><li>Östliche Zhōu und Streitende Reiche enden 221 v.d.Z.</li>
+</ul>"
+zd3R[ht45n Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie wird die Zhōu-Dynastie üblicherweise zeitlich unterteilt? "<ul>
+ <li>Zhōu-Dynastie insgesamt: 1046–256 v.d.Z.</li><li>Westliche Zhōu, Hauptstadt Hàojīng, 1050–771 v.d.Z.,</li>
+ <li>Östliche Zhōu, Hauptstadt Luòyáng, 771–221 v.d.Z.:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Frühlings- und Herbstperiode,</li>
+ <li>Streitende Reiche.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+L*;,w!Cdk2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was war die Hauptstadt der Westlichen Zhōu-Dynastie? Hàojīng
+vWQ$kb4^3~ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was war die Hauptstadt der Östlichen Zhōu-Dynastie? Luòyáng
+X8r?T&cJp Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Auf wann wird die Westliche Zhōu-Dynastie datiert? <ul><li>1050–771 v.d.Z.</li><li>aber Zhōu insgesamt startet 1046 v.d.Z.</li></ul>
+ku/R0@pINr Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Auf wann wird die Östliche Zhōu-Dynastie datiert? <ul><li>771–221 v.d.Z.</li><li>aber Zhōu insgesamt endet 256 v.d.Z.</li></ul>
+c6QrNfUM<o Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was sind einige wichtige Entwicklungen der Frühlings- und Herbstperiode 722–481 v.d.Z.? "<ul>
+ <li>Eisenguss ermöglicht höhere Produktivität in der Landwirtschaft</li>
+ <li>künstliche Bewässerungsanlagen</li>
+ <li>Gewinnung von neuem Ackerland</li>
+ <li>Privatisierung von Ackerland</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>=> höhere Autonomie der Bauern</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Zersplitterung der Macht in Fürstentümer und Stadtstaaten</li>
+</ul>"
+h)7$Ro8a`_ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was sind einige wichtige Entwicklungen während der Zeit der Streitenden Reiche 473–221 v.d.Z.? <ul><li>Verdichtung politischer Macht durch Annexion der Stadtstaaten</li><li>Nach anfänglicher Kooperation bekämpfen sich Fürstentümer (sieben „streitende Reiche“)</li><li>Abschaffung des Lehenssystems, Bauern bekommen Land, zahlen Steuern</li><li>Weitreichende politische und administrative Reformen in den Staaten Wèi und Qín</li></ul>
+meXmVM:&.x Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie wurden die Gesellschaftsbeziehungen zur Zeit der Streitenden Reiche neu geordnet? <ul><li>Abschaffung des Lehenssystems</li><li>Bauern werden als Krieger rekrutiert</li><li>Kriegsverdienst wird mit Land belohnt</li><li>Besteuerung statt Lehen</li><li>Herausbildung reicher Händler</li></ul>
+E{^k},ETPq Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was sind einige technische Neuerungen zur Zeit der Streitenden Reiche? <ul><li>Beginn des Kaiserkanals</li><li>Bewässerungsanlagen</li><li>Beginn des Baus der Großen Mauer</li><li>Herstellung von Schwertern und Armbrüsten</li><li>Beginn von Belagerungskriegen</li></ul>
+zH-kmTXQ*} Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""-048.png"">" Xúnzǐ
+"c:}=Zzxu#:" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""-047.png"">" "Mòzǐ
+"
+"d@#[`I9=T3" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was sind drei wichtige Schulen zur Zeit der Streitenden Reiche? <ul><li>Konfuzianismus</li><li>Legalismus</li><li>Taoismus</li></ul>
+"LXa_Je#lh_" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""-052.png"">" Hán Fēi
+d=!]A;t@VE Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Einige Kernpunkte des Konfuzianismus? <ul><li>Moralisches Handeln im Zentrum, Vorbildfunktion!</li><li>hierarchische Regelung von Gesellschaftsbeziehungen</li><li>Staat und Familie nicht getrennt</li><li>Auch Herrscher haben Rechte und Pflichten</li><li>Hohe Anfordernisse an den “Edlen“ und den guten Herrscher</li><li>Unmoralisch handelnde Herrscher*innen verlieren das Mandat des Himmels und Bevölkerung hat z.B. laut Mencius das Recht sich aufzulehnen,</li><li>Primat des Lernens</li><li>jede*r hat einen Platz in der Gesellschaft, z.B. als Elternteil, Geschwister und Beamter,</li></ul>
+d,Tv&IC6+w Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Einige Kernpunkte des Legalismus? <ul><li>Stärkung des Staates als Ziel, Bevölkerung muss dafür instrumentalisiert werden</li><li>Gesetze und klare Regeln wichtiger als Moral</li><li>Verdienst und Ränge nach Leistung, nicht nach Status</li><li>“Kriegerbauern“ zur Erschaffung eines „reichen Staates und einer starkem Armee“</li><li>Abschaffung des Erbbeamtentums und -adel</li><li>Militarisierung der Gesellschaft</li><li>Nicht Moral, sondern Stärke zeichnet den Herrscher aus</li></ul>
+vgMtG(N++c Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Einige Kernpunkte des Daoismus? <ul><li>Taten wichtiger als Worte</li><li>Einheit der Gegensätze</li><li>Der „Dao“ als unfassbare Essenz (道可道非常道)</li><li>Wandel als Prinzip</li><li>Handeln durch Nicht-Handeln</li><li>Primat des Natürlichen</li></ul>
+"nx!YO9#s+*" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Einige Aspekte der Bürokratisierung des Staates Qín? <ul><li>Neugliederung des Staates</li><li>Abschaffung des Erbbeamtentums</li><li>Sold statt Belehnung</li><li>Kompetenz statt Status</li><li>Hierarchische Stufengliederung der Gesellschaft auf Grundlage von Leistung</li><li>Reform des Justizwesens</li><li>Vereinheitlichung von Maßen, Gewichten, Münzen und Schrift<br></li></ul>
+"Hp.ZWp*#9=" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Einige Beispiele infrastruktureller Macht zur Zeit des ersten Qín-Kaisers? Vereinheitlichung von Maßen, Gewichten, Münzen und Schrift.
+Mq%-UGty6c Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… "Was ist hier dargestellt?<br><img src=""-064.png"">" "Folienüberschrift: ""Bücherverbrennung und Ermordung von Gelehrten""<br>Die Flammen lodern links rein und die gelehrten werden gerade in ein Loch geworfen um sie lebendig zu begraben.<br>Zur Zeit vom ersten Qín-Kaiser."
+H5+O$>]DdP Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Welche Personengruppe(n) waren für die KMT-Reform ab 1950 verantwortlich? "<ul>
+ <li>Ein zentrales Reformkomitee (ca. 50 ausgesuchte Personen),</li>
+ <li>ein Beratungskomitee (25 Personen).</li>
+</ul>"
+b9Yu^,`s.0 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Von welcher anderen Partei ließ sich das Reformkomitee in der KMT-Reform ab 1950 inspirieren? "Von der KPCh, Strukturen und Verfahren teilweise übernommen:
+<ul>
+ <li>Partei und Regierung verzahnt,</li><li>Massenorganisationen,</li><li>Kadertraining und -indoktrinierung,</li><li>ca. 30.000 Parteizellen,</li><li>Zentralkomitee, Ständiger Ausschuss ZK, Vorsitzender der KMT,</li><li>Parteikomitees leiten Regierung an,</li><li>Disziplinarkomission,</li><li>Überwachung des Miltärs durch Parteizellen und politische Komissare.</li>
+</ul>"
+v0I;5Mm!v; Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Was waren wichtige Elemente der KMT-Verwaltungsreform 1950? "<ul>
+ <li>Prüfungsyuan (Beamtenprüfungen, seit 1950),</li>
+ <li>zusätzliche Prüfungen für höhere Beamte,</li>
+ <li>Komitee für Verwaltungsreformen (1958),</li>
+ <li>moderates Wachstum des Beamtenapparats,</li>
+ <li>weitere Reformen 1966, 1967 und 1969:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Verbesserung von Verwaltungsabläufen,</li>
+ <li>Qualitätssteigerung öffentlicher Leistungen,</li>
+ <li>Verbesserung des Managements.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+fea/`,:Iz_ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Welche Wirtschaftsreformen gab es in Taiwan ab 1950? "<ul>
+ <li>Steuerung der Wirtschaft durch Pläne unter Beteiligung von:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Finanzministerium,</li>
+ <li>Wirtschaftsministerium,</li>
+ <li>Zentralbank,</li>
+ <li>Rat für Wirtschaftliche Planung und Entwicklung,</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Landreform (1950–1953),</li>
+ <li>Parteiunternehmen in strategischen Industrien,</li>
+ <li>strenge Antikorruptionsgesetze,</li>
+ <li>Handels-, Industrie- und Wirtschaftsvereinigungen unter Führung der KMT,</li>
+ <li>gesteuerte und eingeschränkte Wirtschaftsliberalisierung (Importsubstitution, dann Exportorientierung).</li>
+</ul>"
+M)&,WWqF9< Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Wann beginnt die Unterstützung der USA für Taiwan? Nach Ausbruch des Koreakriegs 1950 unterstützen USA Taiwan als Teil ihrer Bemühungen, die Ausdehnung des Komunismus einzudämmen.
+r>(qPyD=DU Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? In welcher Größenordnung sind die Finanzhilfen der USA für Taiwan? Mehr als 100 Millionen USD 1951–1965
+"eFC}U0k#jL" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Welche andere Unterstützung außer Finanzhilfen wurde Taiwan vonseiten der USA zuteil? "<ul>
+ <li>FDIs durch amerikanische Unternehmen,</li>
+ <li><em>Vertrag über gegenseitige Verteidigung</em> (1954).</li>
+</ul>"
+v%=E%~rc_P Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Bis wann unterhielten die USA diplomatische Beziehungen dur ROC? Bis 1978.
+bAa[G]P5iU Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? 1971: was ändert sich für die ROC? <ul><li>Annäherung an PRC,</li><li>ROC verliert Sitz im Sicherheitsrat der UNO.</li></ul>
+t7K(O?$$g/ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Bis wann ist die ROC im UNO-Sicherheitsrat vertreten? Bis 1971.
+tnxif:[2ip Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? "Was ist ""Green Island""?" Oppositionelle (gegen KMT) wurden dort inhaftiert.
+i7IWDFU2tr Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? <em>Taiwan Relations Act</em>, was ist das? "Die USA legen sich darin auf die strategische Ambiguität fest (Vorlesung: ""sie sagen weder, wir werden Taiwan helfen, noch wir werden Taiwan nicht helfen"")."
+QBN8_l4*ze Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Was ist der <em>Formosa-Zwischenfall</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>Huang Hsin-Chieh gründet <em>Formosa Magazine</em>,</li>
+ <li>Demonstration zum Anlass des Tags der Menschenrechte am 10. Dezember, angeführt von Shih Ming-te,</li>
+ <li>Niederschlagung und lange Haftstrafen 1980.</li>
+</ul>"
+fwTc:R+:8; Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? "Was ist mit ""Legitimation gegen Renten"" im Kontext von Taiwan gemeint?" "Bei den Lokalwahlen ab 1950:
+<ul><li>Kreisräte erhalten Zugang zu lokalen Monopolunternehmen,</li><li>lokale Korruption wird toleriert, aber dokumentiert,</li><li>KMT finanziert Wahlkampf (Stimmenkauf!) lokaler Kandidaten,</li><li>KMT finanziert von ihren Mitgliedern geführte Kreditorganisationen.</li></ul>"
+nPtB?9mWJ( Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Welches Wahlsystem in Taiwan begünstigt koordinierte Parteien? "<ul>
+ <li>SNTV, <em>single non-transferable vote in multi-member districts</em> bzw. <em>Nicht übertragbare Einzelstimmgebung</em>,</li>
+ <li>z.B. 3 Ämter, 10 Kandidat*innen, Wähler*innen geben 1 Stimme für 1 Person ab.</li>
+ <li>Partei muss wissen, wie viele Stimmen sie in einem Wahlkreis bekommt, und kann überlegen, wie viele Kandidat*innen sie sich mit diesen Stimmen leisten kann. Zu viele Stimmen für die beliebteste Kandidatin wären für die Erlangung von anderen Ämtern für die Partei verloren, also am besten bekommt jede*r nicht zu wenig und nicht zu viel Stimmen um das Amt zu bekommen,</li>
+ <li>das braucht Wissen und lokale Netzwerke.</li>
+</ul>"
+DjgxyWbFq Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Worauf wurde im chinesischen Altertum geschrieben? Bambusstreifen waren zunächst das wichtigste Medium, später auch Seide.
+Ja.IZ^mI;H Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wann beginnt die chinesische Geschichtsschreibung? Geht so richtig in der Zhōu-Dynastie los. Darin wird auch reflektiert warum Staaten entstehen und untergehen.
+"ChNv-GM#ke" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie ist die politische Struktur zum Ende der Zhōu-Dynastie? Es gibt noch einen Kaiser mit relativ wenig realer Macht, und darunter relativ unabhängig agierende Stadtstaaten. Noch später vor dem Aufstieg der Qín gibt es 7 Stück streitende Reiche.
+j4x5oc3&z/ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… "Welche der 100 Schulen unterstützt so etwas wie ""Quasi-Demokratie""?" Es gibt keine größere Schule, die so etwas vertritt.
+qy4GUB::&Y Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Gab es in der Zhōu-Dynastie Staaten im heutigen Sinn? Ja schon, aber Chinesisch-sein oder Nationalismus nicht. Zhōu-Staaten haben sich nicht als chinesisch begriffen und sich auch mit nicht-chinesischen Gemeinwesen gegen andere Zhōu-Staaten verbündet.
+H]sg[g$^@D Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was gibt dem gelben Fluss seine Farbe? "<a href=""https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss#L%C3%B6sslandschaft_in_China"">Löss</a>"
+"s#0#]HYWGv" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Aus welcher Dynastie stammen die frühesten Schriftzeugnisse in China? "<p>
+ Aus der Shāng-Dynastie gibt es beschriftete Orakelknochen, später auch Bronzeinschriften.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Es gab vermutlich irgendwelche Vorformen, aber die kennen wir nicht.
+</p>"
+tXZB_UKx/6 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was waren wichtige politische Herausforderungen in der Hàn-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Rekrutierung fähiger Bürokraten</li><li>Palastintrigen v.a. durch Kaiserinnenwitwen und Eunuchen</li><li>Schädliche Einflussnahme durch den Adel</li><li>Zunehmende Landkonzentration</li><li>Ungenügende Staatseinnahmen</li><li>Angriffe von Steppenvölkern</li><li>Kontrolle eines immer größer werdenden Territoriums</li>
+</ul>"
+osue}4%TLH Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was waren einige politische Herausforderungen der Hàn-Dynastie im Bereich der Rekrutierung fähiger Bürokraten? "<ul>
+ <li>Bürokratische Strukturen befördern Interessenskonflikte:</li><ul>
+ <li>Ungenügende Trennung zw. Innerem, Äußerem Hof,</li>
+ <li>Äußerer Hof: Kanzler, Kommandant, Zensor,</li>
+ <li>Neun Ministerien.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Tradition der Vererbung administrativer Positionen:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Beginn eines Prüfungssystems.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Niedrige Qualität der „street level bureaucrats“:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Rekrutierung durch Fronarbeit,</li>
+ <li>ungenügende Entlohnung.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+AV4)`p!~&i Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Kaiserinnenwitwen: wie kommen sie zu politischer Macht, wie kann das auch eine politische Herausforderung sein? <ul><li>Kaiserinwitwe als Interimherrscherin wenn Nachfolger zu jung</li><li>„Pietät“ als Einflußmittel gegen den Kaiser</li><li>Eunuchen an Schaltstelle von Informationen</li><li>Kaiserinnen begünstigen Mitglieder der eigenen Familie durch Zuteilung von Land und Ämtern</li></ul>
+bM!ynx<E}0 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie kommt es zu zunehmender Landkonzentration in der Hàn-Dynastie? <ul><li>Offizielle eignen sich Land durch Wucherkredite oder Usurpation an,</li><li>Verbindungen zum Hof entscheidend für Konfliktausgang,</li><li>Land als Hauptinvestitionsquelle</li><li>„Economies of scale“: zu wenig Land lohnt den Anbau nicht.<br></li></ul>
+s}-2atc;jh Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Warum ist die Landkonzentration auch ein politisches Problem? <ul><li>Landlose Bauern Rekrutierungsquelle für Banden und Sekten</li><li>Großgrundbesitzer die vielleicht auch gleichzeitig Beamte sind, sind schwer zu besteuern</li></ul>
+q*vm}Si5sI Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Warum waren die Staatseinnahmen in der Hàn-Dynastie ungenügend? "<ul>
+ <li>Prestigeprojekte und Feldzüge belasten Staatskasse</li>
+ <li>Staatsmonopole widersprechen Prinzipien des Konfuzianismus</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Debatten über Staatsmonopole für Salz und Eisen</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Einnahmen bestimmen Ausgaben</li>
+ <li>Kein progressives Steuersystem (progressiv wären höhere Steuersätze für höhere Einkommen/Vermögen)</li>
+ <li>Unterlagen zur Besteuerungsgrundlage (Land) veralten schnell</li>
+ <li>Steuerflucht durch Bestechung oder Bedrohen der Steuerbeamten</li>
+</ul>"
+O^ueD6&cfk Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was war die hauptsächliche Strategie der Hàn-Kaiser gegen die Steppenvölker? Kaiser setzen „Barbaren gegen Barbaren“ ein.
+jfS<_md^FI Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Warum ist das immer größer werdende Territorium eine Herausforderung für die Han-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Kommunikation über weite Strecken</li>
+ <li>Gouverneure bilden kleine Königreiche</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Anreize zur Landkonzentration</li>
+ <li>Aufbau eigener Verteidigungskräfte</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Konflikte und Allianzen zwischen Gebieten schwächen den Hof</li>
+</ul>"
+j,QUHn0&l~ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was war in der Han-Dynastie so los als der Untergang anfing? "<ul>
+ <li>Rückkehr zur familiären Landverteilung unter Han Gaozu (202–195 v.d.Z.)</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Niederschlagung einer Revolte der anderen Königreiche</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Usurpation kaiserlicher Macht durch Kaiserinwitwe Lü (195–180 v.d.Z.)</li>
+ <li>Expansion und Despotismus unter Kaiser Wu (140–87 v.d.Z.)</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Graduierte der Kaiserlichen Universität als Beamte</li>
+ <li>Indirekte Kontakte mit Rom (über Zentralasien)</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+bm:tr15I-p Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""02_img-026.png"">" Wáng Mǎng, Kaiser der kurzlebigen Xīn-Dynastie 9–23 n.d.Z.
+dgXsO26H(& Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wann war die Xīn-Dynastie? 9–23 n.d.Z.
+n4CGVv4A73 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was war zwischen der westlichen und östlichen Hàn-Dynastie? Die kurzlebige Xīn-Dynastie 9–23 n.d.Z. unter Wáng Mǎng
+G&V-<VedPb Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Einige Elemente der Politik der Xīn-Dynastie? <ul><li>Verstaatlichung von Land</li><li>Verbot des Landverkaufs</li><li>Landverteilung an Bauern</li><li>Schaffung von Handelsmonopolen</li><li>Bau von Kornspeichern</li></ul>
+A5U3t%/@hN Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie sieht eine politische Landkarte der späten Hàn-Dynastie aus? "262 n.d.Z. etwa so:<br><img src=""02_img-029.png"">"
+ucnh/+yQ?q Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Entwicklungen der späteren Hàn? <ul><li>Reformen scheitern auf Grund mangelnder Unterstützung des Hofes</li><li>Rebellion der Liu Familie („rote Augenbrauen“), Gründung der</li><li>Späteren Han</li><li>Dezimierung der Bevölkerung bringt Periode der Stabilität</li><li>Verlagerung der Hauptstadt nach Luòyáng</li><li>Suzeränität über die Xiongnu („Barbaren gegen Barbaren ausspielen“)</li><li>Verwandte der Kaiserinnenwitwe werden gestärkt, Konflikte am Hof</li><li>Landkonzentration: Zulauf zu taoistischer Sekte („gelbe Turbane“)</li><li>Zerfall in drei Warlord-Staaten („die drei Reiche“)</li></ul>
+"u%m]IRQJ#u" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Welche wichtige langfristige Entwicklung der chinesischen Bevölkerung beginnt zur Zeit der Uneinigkeit nach der Han-Dynastie? Umsiedelungsbewegung von Nord- nach Südchina (Verdoppelung der Bevölkerung im Süden)
+GR5xYg[UGo Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Waren alle Staaten der Zeit der Uneinigkeit nach der Han-Dynastie kurzlebig? "Fast alle, Militär war damals sehr zentral, aber die Nördliche Wei war nicht kurzlebig:
+<ul>
+ <li>Gegründet von einem Steppenvolkstamm,</li>
+ <li>(Teil-)übernahme des Han Titel- und Verwaltungssystems,</li>
+ <li>Landreform: zwei Arten von Land, “Bauernmilizen“, Möglichkeit des Freikaufens von Fronarbeit, Steuern nach wie vor in Naturalien.</li>
+</ul>"
+m=i!/$EC$, Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was beendet die Zeit der Uneinigkeit nach der Hàn-Dynastie? Suí Wéndì, Militärführer aus der Nördlichen Zhōu, vereint das Reich und gründet die Suí-Dynastie.
+L/8iNbe85: Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie sieht eine politische Landkarte der Suí-Dynastie aus? "<img src=""02_img-035.png"">"
+c/%0pLE3W0 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie hat der erste Suí-Kaiser politisch agiert? "<ul>
+ <li>Abschaffung der regionalen Kommandanturen</li><li>Ausschlussprinzip für Beamte: Einsatz nur außerhalb der Heimatprovinz</li>
+ <li>Kostspielige Großprojekte:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Bau einer neuen Stadt,</li><li>Kanal Hánzhōu-Luòyáng</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Kampagnen in Korea und Vietnam</li>
+ <li>Expedition nach Taiwan</li>
+</ul>"
+Mc}=et94NL Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wann war die Suí-Dynastie? 589–618
+yT8C>}i;;) Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie sieht eine politische Landkarte der Táng-Dynastie aus? "<img src=""02_img-038.png"">"
+FQ:B$E;CGQ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was wären so Highlights, die man auf eine erste Folie über die Táng-Dynastie schreiben könnte? <ul><li>Sieg über Turkstämme</li><li>Heiratsdiplomatie mit Tibet</li><li>Kommandatur in Vietnam</li><li>Ausbau der Beziehungen mit Südostasien</li><li>Diplomatische Beziehungen mit Japan</li><li>Entwicklung des Tributsystems</li><li>Landreform, Bauernmiliz</li><li>Schuldscheine als Vorläufer des Papiergelds</li></ul>
+AzN9ZRkb%[ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was waren politische Reformen der Táng-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Trennung von Staats- und Palastverwaltung:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Sekretariat, Kanzlei, Außenministerium</li>
+ <li>Sechs Ministerien</li>
+ <li>Zensorat</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Gesetzbuch, das in ganz Asien emuliert wurde</li><li>Aber: Gerichtsverfahren als letzter Ausweg, keine unabhängige Justiz</li><li>Geheimrat: Eunuchen überwachen Militär</li><li>Schaffung eines „Gelehrtenbüros“</li>
+</ul>"
+t4k^S4yx%t Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie wurde das Verwaltungssystem in der Táng-Dynastie reformiert? "<ul>
+ <li>Rekrutierung über Kaiserliche Universität und Beamtenprüfungen</li>
+ <li>Beamtenprüfungen:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Spezialwissen</li><li>Literarische Fähigkeiten (Jinshi)</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Personalministerium wählt aus erfolgreichen Kandidaten aus</li><li>Anstieg der „Prüfungsbeamten“ steigt</li></ul>"
+pSNSh!V2;@ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Wie wurde das Steuerwesen in der Táng-Dynastie reformiert? "<ul>
+ <li>Einführung des Zweisteuersystems</li>
+ <li>Abschaffung von Abgaben, Steuerlast bemessen nach Größe/Wohlstand des Haushalts</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Steuern werden nur noch zweimal jährlich in cash eingesammelt</li><li>Ausgaben bestimmen von nun an Einnahmeziele</li><li>=> Aufgabe des Versuchs, Landverteilung staatlich zu regeln</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+s,QK[2.d9} Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Warum zerfiel die Táng? <ul><li>Problem der Landverteilung in dicht besiedelten Gebieten</li><li>Unvollständige Steuerregister</li><li>Zunehmende Landkonzentration</li><li>Druck des Milizsystem -> Deserteure</li><li>Militärgouverneure manchmal Bürger anderer Staaten</li><li>Palastcoups und Nepotismus</li><li>Persönlichkeit des Kaisers (z.B. Xuanzang und Yang Guifei)</li><li>An Lushan-Rebellion schwächte das Reich, Stärkung Militärgouverneure</li><li><i>Yáng Guìfēi</i> wird gern dafür verantwortlich gemacht<br></li></ul>
+l:@Ln|@6]} Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wann war die Sòng-Dynastie? 960–1279
+L7n<I>(E:x Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was waren wichtige Reformen der Sòng-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Reichseinigung durch Song Taizu, ein Militärgouverneur und Generalssohn</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Schwächung von Befehlshabern des Militärs</li>
+ <li>Verkleinerung der Hoheitsgebiete der Militärgouverneure</li>
+ <li>Ersetzung militärischer durch zivile Beamte</li>
+ <li>Verschmelzung von Sekretariat und Kanzleramt</li>
+ <li>Fortbestand der anderen Regierungsorgane:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Sechs Ministerien</li>
+ <li>Zensorat</li>
+ <li>Geheimrat (bestückt mit Soldaten und Beamten, nicht Eunuchen)</li>
+ <li>Büro der Gelehrten</li>
+ <li>Finance Authority</li>
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+HUF.].72yf Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was waren politische und soziale Folgen der Reformen der Sòng-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Weiterer Rückgang der alten Aristokratie</li>
+ <li>Die neue herrschende Klasse: Großgrundbesitzer</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Kaiserliche Beamte akkumulieren Land</li>
+ <li>Ihre Söhne nehmen an Beamtenprüfungen teil, verstetigen das System</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Kleinbauern tragen die Hauptlast der Besteuerung, die sie oft nicht schultern können</li>
+ <li>Leibeigenschaft</li>
+ <li>Banditentum</li>
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+L)3IX$/LLu Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was änderte sich für Frauen während der früheren Sòng-Dynastie? <ul><li>Verringerung der Freiheiten der Frauen</li><li>Beginn des Füßebindens</li></ul>
+nba^I@ll[^ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wann begann die Praxis des Füßebindens? Während der früheren Song-Dynastie.
+s2SdfNU.G> Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was war eine Herausforderung für die frühere Sòng-Dynastie im Norden? <ul><li>Bedrohung durch nördliche Nachbarn (Liao Dynastie)</li><li>Hohe Ausgaben für militärische Verteidigung (ca. 80% des Haushalts)</li></ul>
+x~Gen*Y(Gd Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie war das in der Sòng-Dynastie mit Stadt/Land? Verstärkte Urbanisierung
+"-<uUZIW>#" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was war der größte Posten im Haushalt der Sòng-Dynastie? Hohe Ausgaben für militärische Verteidigung (ca. 80% des Haushalts)
+N[9~~RB>*` Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie <em>Wáng Ānshí</em>: wofür erinnert man sich an ihn? "Für seine gescheiterten Reformversuche:
+<ul>
+ <li>Ziel: Rückkehr zur idealisierten Alten Ordnung</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Reform des höfischen Warenbeschaffungssystems</li>
+ <li>Kreditsystem für Bauern</li>
+ <li>Ersetzen der Fronarbeit durch Steuern</li>
+ <li>Bǎojiǎ-System</li>
+ <li>Haushaltsbasiertes Pferdezuchtsystem</li>
+ <li>Überarbeitung des Prüfungssystems</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+"O#oD0?x2=E" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was ist das Bǎojiǎ-System? <div>Eingeführt zuerst unter Wang Anshi (während Sòng-Dynastie):</div><ul><li>Gegenseitige Überwachung in Nachbarschaften</li><li>Kollektivschuld</li><li>Grundeinheit: 10 Haushalte (1 bǎo)</li><li>Zuständig für Steuereinhebung und Sicherheit</li></ul>
+J,LzyQvs2C Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Warum regte sich Widerstand gegen die Reformen von <em>Wáng Ānshí?</em> <ul><li>Konfuzianische Puristen: Staat kein Wirtschaftsakteur</li><li>Despotische Tendenzen im Baojia-System</li><li>Landbesitzer gegen verbilligte Kredite an Bauern</li><li>Baojia-System schränkt traditionelle Selbstverwaltung ein</li><li>Vorwurf des Faktionalismus</li></ul>
+PyMbKb&M<. Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Warum gibt es eine Südliche Sòng-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Gründung der Jin-Dynastie durch die Jürched</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Sieg über die Liao</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Eroberung des Song-Gebiets bis zum Huai-Fluß</li><li>Grabenkämpfe am Song-Hof, v.a. im Hinblick auf Umgang mit der Jin</li><li>Werke Zhu Xis neue Referenz des Konfuzianismus (Schule des Prinzips)</li><li>Entstehung vieler konfuzianischer Akademien</li>
+</ul>"
+GW9_E+]^v> Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wann war die Yuán-Dynastie? 1260–1368
+GT5jo^Ayj^ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie kam es zur Gründung der Yuán-Dynastie? Kublai Khan erobert das Territorium der späteren (südlichen) Song, gründet die Yuán-Dynastie.
+C/HAsp|C?% Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was war besonders an der Verwaltung in der Yuán-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>“Dualistische“ Verwaltung Chinas:</li>
+ <ul><li>Mongolen in Machtpositionen,</li><li>Verwaltung in der Hand von Chinesen</li></ul>
+ <li>Neue regionale Aufteilung, Vorläufer der heutigen Provinzen</li>
+</ul>"
+Il<,E|L}(+ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was waren Gründe für den Untergang der Yuán-Dynastie? <ul><li>Ackerland wird in Weideland umgewandelt</li><li>Agrartechnologie wird zerstört oder verfällt</li><li>Naturkatastrophen</li><li>Widerstand der Bevölkerung gegen die Regierungspraxis</li><li>Despotismus</li></ul>
+"kg#N8J?*iL" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wann war die Míng-Dynastie? 1368–1644
+kHmh~xgN80 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wer gründet die Míng-Dynastie? Wiedervereinigung Chinas durch <em>Míng Tàizǔ</em>, ersten „Bauernkaiser“ seit <em>Hàn Gāozǔ</em>.
+"H?,##d{G&{" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie verändert sich die Machtstruktur in der Míng-Dynastie? <ul><li>Ming Taizu schafft Kanzleramt ab, setzt sich direkt an Spitze der sechs Ministerien<br></li><li>Großsekretäre bereiten Dokumente für den Kaiser vor, fungieren zunehmend als Berater</li></ul>
+c!K5W2@tP. Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie verändert sich das Militär während der Míng? <ul><li>Aufbau eines stehenden Heeres,</li><li>hunderte von Militärgarnisonen verteilt über China,</li><li>“Militärbauern“,</li><li>Militärstatus vererbbar</li></ul>
+J|xTus5;.* Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie Verändert sich das Bildungswesen während der Míng? "<ul>
+ <li>Schaffung einer Infrastruktur von Schulen, die bis in die Dörfer reicht</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Versuch, die Heterogenität des Beamtenwesens zu erhöhen</li>
+ <li>Wegen fehlender Finanzierung allerdings dysfunktional</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+o5}8Wo|_s] Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was ändert sich für die Beamtenprüfungen während der Míng? <ul><li>Verpflichtender Prüfungskanon: die Lehren von Zhu Xi</li><li>Einführung des „Achtbeinigen Essays“</li></ul>
+mhvK|=KMc7 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie ging die Míng-Dynastie mit mächtigen Familien um? „Landverschickung“ mächtiger Familien
+ix2{A*U~v} Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was für eine Indoktrinierungskampagne gab es während der Míng-Dynastie? Die <em>Sechs Maxime</em>
+h,1l3MkKY( Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie wurden Beamte diszipliniert während der Míng-Dynastie? Bestrafung durch öffentliche Demütigung
+IW{s$]LHmz Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Unter welchem Kaiser der Míng-Dynastie gab es eine kurzzeitige Außenorientierung? "Unter dem Yongle Kaiser:<br>
+<ul>
+ <li>Ab 1405: sieben Seefahrtsmissionen, geleitet vom Eunuchen Zheng He</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Fast 70 Schiffe, 28.000 Personen</li><li>Erreichten Indien, Sri Lanka, die afrikanische Küste</li><li>Zweck: Handel und Tribut, aber auch Suche nach dem entthronten Neffen</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Vorstöße in die Mandschurei und Mongolei, Burma und Vietnam,</li><li>Kolonialisierung des heutigen Yunnan</li><li>Zunehmende Innenorientierung nach dem Tod des Kaisers</li>
+</ul>"
+n]up&f|te& Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was waren politische Gründe für den Niedergang der Míng-Dynastie? <ul><li>Unterminierung kaiserlicher Macht durch Eunuchen</li><li>Schwächung der Garnisonen im Nordosten</li><li>Militärische Niederlagen gegen Vietnam und Mongolei</li><li>Teure Militärgarde für den Kaiser</li><li>Nachfolgekrise</li><li>Machtkampf zwischen Eunuchen und Großsekretären</li><li>Selbstzentrierung der Bürokratie</li><li>Angriffe aus dem Norden und Süden</li></ul>
+"M2hMK7}-(#" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Was waren wirtschaftliche, soziale und außenpolitische Gründe für den Niedergang der Míng-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Reformversuche durch Großsekretär Zhang Juzheng scheitern</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Erneuerung des Steuertransportsystems</li><li>Verringerung der Ausgaben des Hofes</li><li>Aktualisierung der Landregister</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Aufstände in der Peripherie (Burma, Vietnam),</li><li>Konflikt mit Japan über Korea</li><li>Unfähige Kaiser</li><li>Li Zicheng Rebellion</li><li>General Wu Sangui ersucht Mandschus um Hilfe, die aber die Míng stürzen</li></ul>"
+x]Y1zf10$H Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wann war die Qīng-Dynastie? 1644–1911
+"t&;1ba#ns}" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wer waren die drei fähigen Kaiser der Qīng-Dynastie? <ul><li>Kāngxī (1661–1722)</li><li>Yōngzhèng (1723–1736)</li><li>Qiánlóng (1736–1795)</li></ul>
+s10HTp<;Z] Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie wird die Qīng-Dynastie auf der ersten Folie zusammengefasst? <ul><li>Drei fähige Kaiser</li><li>Fortgesetzte Machterweiterung des Kaisers</li><li>Vergrößerung des Reiches nach Norden und Süden</li><li>Zunehmende Öffnungsforderungen v.a. von europäischen Mächten</li><li>Bedrohungen von Innen (Rebellion) und Außen (va. Großbritannien, Russland, Japan)</li><li>Uneinigkeit über Reformrichtung, Reformbemühungen scheitern</li><li>Sturz der Dynastie durch die Xīnhài-Revolution</li></ul>
+yf.64L]Yu6 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was den Umgang mit den verschiedenen Ethnien angeht, was vereint die Qīng, die Liáo und die Yuán-Dynastie? "<em>Dualismus</em>, oder konkreter:
+<dl>
+ <dt>Qīng</dt>
+ <dd>
+ Waren selbst Jürched
+ Dualistisch z.B. weil:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Einführung des „Fahnensystems“ (banner system)</li>
+ <li>Aufnahme chinesischer Elemente schon in die Verwaltung der Jin</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Yuán</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Mongolen in Machtpositionen,</li>
+ <li>Verwaltung in der Hand von Chinese</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Liáo</dt>
+ <dd>
+ Weiß ich nicht aber laut Folien auch irgendwie dualistisch. Die Ethnie des Herrscherhauses heißt Kitan [1] Khitan [2]. Die deutsche Wikipedia nennt die Ethnie (proto-)mongolisch [1], aber in der englischen Wikipedia heißt es, linguistische Analyse würde das nicht stützen [2], jedenfalls waren die Herrscher(*innen?) keine Hàn.
+ </dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+ [1] <a href=""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty"">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty</a>
+ [2] <a href=""https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao-Dynastie"">de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao-Dynastie</a>
+</p>"
+M}L2+nQH,~ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wer vereinigt die Jürched? Nurhachi
+Ef937)vl7[ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie viele Fahnen bzw. banners gab es? 24:<br><ul><li>8 Manchu Fahnen</li><li>8 Mongolische Fahnen</li><li>8 Chinesische Fahnen</li></ul>
+gLO.DppW0: Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wer wurde bei der Machtübernahme der Qīng-Dynastie getötet? Sicher ziemlich viele, aber auf der Folie erwähnt: Tötung von Ming-Prinzen und -loyalisten sowie aufständischer Generäle
+KP;X$0Cj$R Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was ändert sich in der Qīng-Dynastie in Regierung und Verwaltung? <ul><li>Fahnensystem</li><li>Heraufstufung der Ränge der Großsekretäre, Formalisierung des Kabinetts</li><li>Einführung der geheimen „Palastberichte“</li><li>Kollegialsystem: Doppelspitze aus Mandschu- und chinesischen Offiziellen</li><li>Weiterführung des Prüfungssystems</li><li>Kulturelle Errungenschaften gefördert von Kāngxī (Wörterbuch, Míng-Geschichte)</li><li>Neuinterpretation der Klassiker</li><li>Verbot/Vernichtung heterodoxer Werke</li><li>Verbot des Christentums (Jesuiten aktiv in China seit der Ming)</li></ul>
+er5s4viQ%- Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was waren systemische Probleme in der Qīng-Dynastie? "<ul>
+ <li>Rebellionen:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Weißer Lotus</li>
+ <li>Taiping</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Moral/Bereitschaft der Bannertruppen</li>
+ <li>Wachstum von Geheimgesellschaften („Triaden“)</li>
+ <li>Zunehmende Korruption, Ungleichverteilung der Steuerlast</li>
+ <li>Bevölkerungswachstum -> Rückgang Ackerland/Kopf</li>
+ <li>Aggressivität/Militärmacht v.a. britischer Truppen unterschätzt</li>
+ <li>Hohe Silberpreise</li>
+ <li>Naturkatastrophen</li>
+ <li>Schwache Kaiser</li>
+</ul>"
+o%5Li6..V Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Welche Rebellionen gab es in der Qīng-Dynstie? "<ul>
+ <li>Weißer Lotus</li>
+ <li>Taiping</li>
+ <li>Boxer</li>
+ <li>sicher einige mehr</li>
+</ul>"
+olWSs(hbuB Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Handel mit Großbritannien in der Qīng-Dynastie: wie ist die Ausgangssituation vor den Kriegen? "<ul>
+ <li>Zunächst Handelsmonopol der British East India Company</li>
+ <li>Handelsbalance zugunsten Chinas (Verkauf von Tee und Seide)</li>
+ <li>Aller Handel wird in Kanton abgewickelt</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Chinesische Händlergilde Co-hong (gong hang), überwacht von Hoppo (hu pu)</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Freie Händler und amerikanische Konkurrenz stellen System in Frage</li>
+ <li>Zankapfel Jurisdiktion: chin. Recht auf westliche Händler angewendet</li>
+ <li>Unzufriedenheit mit vielfältigen Gebühren und mangelnder Rechtssicherheit</li>
+ <li>Hof betrachtet Briten als Tributstaaten</li>
+ <li>Versuch, Privilegien auszuweiten, scheitert (Macartney Mission)</li>
+</ul>"
+sqW18[53>l Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie versucht Großbrittanien vor dem Opiumkrieg, Privilegien auszuweiten? Macartney Mission
+"s;#=s{mGI5" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie In welchem Hafen wird der Handel mit Großbrittanien vor dem ersten Opiumkrieg abgewickelt? Kanton, bzw. Guǎngzhōu
+itAL!$p?2` Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wann war der erste Opiumkrieg? 1839–1842
+s|7p;goOIh Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wann war der zweite Opiumkrieg und was ist ein anderer Name für den Krieg? „Arrow war“ 1856–1860, geführt von GB und Frankreich gegen China
+"mG.b3D]}U#" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was waren für Großbrittanien Auslöser für die Opiumkriege? <ul><li>Wollen Opium verkaufen wegen ungleicher Handelsbilanz</li><li>Private Händler konkurrieren mit East India Company, unterminieren deren Autorität</li><li>Ende des Monopols der EAC 1834, Verantwortung übernimmt superindendent of trade</li><li>Auf Anweisung des Kaisers zerstört der Offizielle Lin Zexu 20.000 Kisten Opium</li><li>Superintendent befielt Angriff auf chinesische Küstenstädte</li></ul>
+kJ0:IC)=(8 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was steht auf der Folie mit Überschrift „Die Ungleichen Verträge“? "<ul>
+ <li>Vertrag von Nanjing (1842)</li>
+ <li>Verträge mit Frankreich, Russland, USA, …</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Auflösung der Co-Hong</li>
+ <li>Öffnung anderer Häfen für ausländische Händler, Bewegungsfreiheit im Inland</li>
+ <li>Erlaubnis für Missionarstätigkeit</li>
+ <li>Extraterritorialität</li>
+ <li>Most Favourite Nation Regelung</li>
+ <li>5%- Steuer auf chinesische Güter</li>
+ <li>Überlassung Hong Kongs an die Briten</li><li>◦ Reparationen</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+"HD;#|`Mgtj" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was war der erste der Ungleichen Verträge und wann? Vertrag von Nanjing (1842)
+q*q.TCrn-> Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was wurde dem China der Qīng in den ungleichen Verträgen aufgezwungen? <ul><li>Auflösung der Co-Hong</li><li>Öffnung anderer Häfen für ausländische Händler, Bewegungsfreiheit im Inland</li><li>Erlaubnis für Missionarstätigkeit</li><li>Extraterritorialität</li><li>Most Favourite Nation Regelung</li><li>5%- Steuer auf chinesische Güter</li><li>Überlassung Hong Kongs an die Briten</li><li>Reparationen</li></ul>
+Cvhun`&iJ2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was ist die <em>Most Favourite Nation Regelung</em> bzw. das <em>Most Favoured Nation</em>-Prinzip im Kontext der ungleichen Verträge? "Handelsvorteile, die einem Vertragspartner gewährt werden, müssen allen Vertragspartnern gewährt werden (Meistbegünstigungsklausel) [1][2].<br>[1] <a href=""https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistbeg%C3%BCnstigungsprinzip"">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistbegünstigungsprinzip</a><br>[2] <a href=""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nation"">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nation</a>"
+E5x&S~MvVw Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wann war die Taiping-Rebellion? 1850–1864
+qAB2=Ur]~U Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie heißt der Anführer/Gründer der Taiping-Rebellion? Hóng Xiùquán
+KI6{*<t^(T Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie ist die Taiping-Rebellion auf einer Folie zusammengefasst? "Die Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864):<br>
+<ul>
+ <li>In Beamtenprüfungen erfolgloser Hóng Xiùquán hält sich für den Bruder Jesu</li>
+ <li>Hong entwickelt ein synkretistisches Glaubenssystem und gewinnt viele Anhänger</li>
+ <li>Stellt eigene Regierung auf, will eine neue Dynastie gründen</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Pläne für Landreform und ein Coop-System</li>
+ <li>Renaissance des „himmlischen Königreiches“</li>
+ <li>Konfuzianistische Substanz, Antikonfuzianisches Programm</li>
+ <li>Chancengleichheit für Frauen</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Wachsende Bewegung, Feldzug durch China</li>
+ <li>Zersplitterung der Bewegung, Niederschlagung durch Zeng Guofan, Cao Zongtang, Li Hongzhang</li>
+</ul>"
+G{uvSDbzv= Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was waren Elemente der Reformversuche der Qīng-Dynastie nach den Ungleichen Verträgen? "<ul>
+ <li>„Chinesische Substanz, westliche Mittel“ (Zhāng Zhīdòng)</li>
+ <ul><li>Schaffung des Zongli Yamen speziell für Diplomatie und Außenbeziehungen</li><li>Entsendung von Delegationen nach Japan und die USA</li><li>Übersetzung westlicher Werke</li><li>Übernahme westlicher Militärtechniken</li><li>Verbesserung der Transportinfrastruktur</li><li>Mechanisierung der Stoffproduktion</li></ul>
+</ul>"
+Q,vtUJ]F6( Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was waren Gründe für die beegrenzten Auswirken der Reformen der Qīng-Dynastie nach den Ungleichen Verträgen? "<ul>
+ <li>Größe und Heterogenität Chinas</li>
+ <li>Mangel an natürlichen Ressourcen</li>
+ <li>Konfuzianismus verträgt sich nicht mit Modernisierung</li>
+ <li>Alter der Dynastie (Faktionalismus, Korruption, veraltete Militärtaktiken)</li>
+ <li>Stärkung regionaler Kräfte (z.B. Zeng Guofan, Li Hingzhang etc.)</li>
+ <li>Bedrohung von Außen:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Sino-Japanischer Krieg 1894-95 (Vertrag von Shimonoseki)</li>
+ <li>Vorstoß Russlands in die Mandschurei</li>
+ <li>Kolonialisierung Vietnams und Burmas</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+crq1!+?c-5 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was waren Anliegen der 100-Tage-Reform? <ul><li>„Rettet die Nation, selbst zum Preise der dominanten Ideen und Institutionen“</li><li>lineares (nicht zirkuläres) Geschichtsverständnis (Kāng Yǒuwéi)</li><li>Modernisierung der Armee,</li><li>des Bildungssystems,</li><li>Förderung von Wissenschaft und Technik</li></ul>
+Br|GHS)|ol Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie endet die 100-Tage-Reform? <ul><li>Guāngxù wird im neuen Sommerpalast interniert, Cíxǐ übernimmt</li><li>Kāng Yǒuwéi, Liáng Qǐchāo fliehen nach Japan</li><li>Sechs andere hingerichtet</li><li>Reformen werden zurückgenommen</li></ul>
+Mni_NYP,%U Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Wie steht der Kaiserhof zu den Boxern? Politische Geschichte-Folien: Kaiserhof unterstützt die „Boxer“ (eine nationalistische, esoterische Gruppe)<br>In den Kulturgeschichte-Folien war das Verhältnis zumindest anfangs „uneindeutig“ (ambigous), aber man kann schon sagen, dass zumindest Cíxǐ und einige andere sie eindeutig unterstützt haben.
+BI?dTht-rH Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Welche Rolle spielt Yuán Shìkǎi bei den Reformen der Qīng-Dynastie? Baut die Beiyang-Armee nach westlichem Modell auf.
+rb9dp,bx<L Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Was beendet die Qīng-Dynastie und wann? Die Xīnhài-Revolution 1911
+p[vx*rX!@H Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie sagt man Chiang Kai-shek auf chinesisch? Jiǎng Jièshí (蔣介石 / 蒋介石)
+eSZ*IHwXjK Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg "Was ist hier zu sehen?<br><img src=""05-lenin-meets-china--002.png"">" Ich weiß es leider auch nicht genau auf was Mao Zedong und Chiang Kai-shek hier anstoßen oder aus welchem Jahr das Foto stammt, aber ich würde mal raten es geht um die First United Front?
+L|H]AgP8cL Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie wird die Xīnhài-Revolution auf einer Folie zusammengefasst? <ul><li>Zunahme revolutionärer Gruppen am Ende der Qing-Dynastie, manche mit Sitz in Japan</li><li>Militäroffiziere unter Mitgliedern dieser Gruppen</li><li>Explosion des Waffenlagers legt Identität einer der Gruppen offen (Mitgliederliste)</li><li>Offiziere in Sichuan beginnen die Rebellion</li><li>Offiziere in fast allen anderen Provinzen schließen sich an</li><li>Ziel: Vertreibung der Manchus und Ausländer, Stärkung der Han-Ethnie</li></ul>
+ARS.5RqkT2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie wird Sun Yat-sen auf einer Folie eingeführt? <ul><li>Geboren 1866 in Canton als Sohn eines Bauern, Onkel war Mitglied der Taiping</li><li>Mit 13 wurde Sun seinem Bruder in Hawaii nachgeschickt</li><li>1894 gründete Sun die Gesellschaft zur Wiederbelebung Chinas (兴中会)</li><li>Mitglieder: junge, dem Westen zugewandte Revolutionäre</li><li>1905: Vereinigung in Japan basierter revolutionärer Gruppen zur Gemeinsamen Allianz (同盟会), ca. 1000 Mitglieder, Sun an der Spitze</li><li>Formulierung eigener Ideologie wegen Konkurrenz zu Liáng Qǐchāo, der die konstitutionelle Monarchie befürwortete</li></ul>
+q*nVgbq*$V Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie heißt das knackige Konzept auf das Sun Yat-sen seine politischen Ideen herunterbricht? Die Drei Prinzipien des Volkes （三民主义）
+nO^|&rDdL0 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was sind die Namen der Drei Prinzipien des Volkes? "<ul>
+ <li>Mínzú 民族 (Nationalismus)</li>
+ <li>Mínquán 民主 (Demokratie)</li><li>Mínshēng 民生 (Volkswohl)<br></li>
+</ul>"
+L&~~2q^:>5 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was ist mit 民族 gemeint? Mínzú 民族 (Nationalismus):<br><ul><li>Zu jener Zeit vor allem Widerstand gegen die Manchu-Herrschaft</li></ul>
+LnYHG5+TRa Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was ist mit 民主 gemeint? Mínquán 民主 (Demokratie):<br><ul><li>China als “klassenlose Gesellschaft” prädestiniert für Demokratie</li><li>Bürger*innen unterschieden sich vor allem “im Grad ihrer Armut”</li></ul>
+h?GpX?]Bya Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was ist mit 民生 gemeint? "Mínshēng 民生 (Volkswohl):
+<ul>
+ <li>Verwirklichung von Landrechten</li>
+ <li>Staatliche Kontrolle von Land wurde diskutiert</li>
+</ul>"
+gsKRG7xm5p Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was sind die drei Stadien der Revolution laut Sun Yat-sen? "<ul>
+ <li>Kriegsrecht</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Zerstörung des alten Systems</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Übergangsphase</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Volk „lernt“ Demokratie</li>
+ <li>=> Antwort auf Liáng Qǐchāo, der China die Demokratiefähigkeit absprach</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Demokratie</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Eher: eine unabhängige Nation, Suns Anschauungen wurde zunehmend autoritärer</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+Cm9SAxuL5L Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was ist der Mínguó-Kalender? "<ul><li>1912 im gregorianischen Kalender ist das Jahr 1 im Mínguó-Kalender</li><li>Funktioniert sonst gleich wie der gregorianische Kalender</li><li>Wird in Taiwan noch verwendet, 2024 ist das Jahr 113 der Republik</li><li>Fun fact: deckt sich rein zufällig mit dem Juche-Kalender in Nordkorea [1]</li></ul>
+[1] <a href=""https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minguo-Kalender"">de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minguo-Kalender</a>"
+OEoq<=.hhi Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wer bekommt bei der Republiksgründung das wichtigste Übergangsamt? 1912: Sun Yat-sen wird zum vorläufigen Präsident der Republik erklärt
+Jt=Dr8kCMo Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie heißt die Gruppe von Sun Yat-sen in Japan? Gemeinsame Allianz
+DLXgh4[UDt Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was passiert mit der Gemeinsamen Allianz nach der Republiksgründung? Reorganisation der Gemeinsamen Allianz, Umbenennung in Guómíndǎng （国民党）
+d^AK!iP$UA Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie kommt es, dass Yuán Shìkǎi Präsident wird? Sun bietet Yuan Shikai die Präsidentschaft im Austausch gegen Unterstützung an
+oJiu|}(WvF Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie viel Erfolg hat Sun Yat-sen mit seiner Strategie, Yuán Shìkǎi die Präsidentschaft anzubieten? <ul><li>Yuán Shìkǎi konzentriert Macht auf sich und sein Militär, geht gegen KMT vor, schaltet Parlament aus,</li><li>Yuán Shìkǎi setzt Militärgouverneure aus eigenen Reihen ein, Aufstand KMT-treuer Gouverneure. Sun flieht nach Japan</li></ul>
+F!o]yGr[wE Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie läuft die Präsidentschaft von Yuán Shìkǎi? <ul><li>konzentriert die Macht auf sich und macht Peking zur Hauptstadt</li><li>Yuan setzt Militärgouverneure aus eigenen Reihen ein, Aufstand KMT-treuer Gouverneure<br></li><li>unterzeichnet 1915 geheim die 21 Forderungen, danach Aufstand/Widerstand</li><li>Yuan stirbt 1916 an Erschöpfung</li><li>China zerfällt in Warlord-Regime</li></ul>
+bPj%=M?z3A Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was sind laut einer Folie „Die Vorboten der kommunistischen Revolution“? <ul><li>Vergrößerung der städtischen Arbeiterklasse, Gründung von Gewerkschaften</li><li>Gründung von Handelskammern</li><li>Zunehmende Anzahl von (kostenpflichtigen) Schulen</li><li>Weiterhin Benachteiligung der Bauern</li><li>Oktoberrevolution in Rußland 1917</li><li>Universitäten als Basis des Patriotismus</li></ul>
+t{nJw5rNIy Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie wird „Die Neue Kulturbewegung“ auf den Folien zusammengefasst? "<ul>
+ <li>„Demokratie“ und „Wissenschaft“ als Schlagworte der Bewegung</li>
+ <li>Reformen an der Peking-Universität durch Kanzler Cai Yuanpei (1867-1940)</li>
+ <li>Cai ernennt den Journalisten Chen Duxiu (1879-1942), Gründer von La Jeunesse, zum Studiendekan</li>
+ <li>Cai und Chen hatten ihre Wurzeln im alten Bildungssystem</li>
+ <li>Hu Shi (1891–1962) setzt sich für zugänglichere Prosa (白话) ein</li>
+ <li>Li Dazhao (1888–1927) wird nach Rückkehr aus Japan zum Bibliothekschef ernannt</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Einstellung von Mao Zedong als Bibliotheksassistent</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Li ist ein Verehrer des Marxismus</li>
+</ul>"
+t}(;<]qQOG Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wer gibt Mao Zedong seinen Job als Bibliotheksassistent? Li Dazhao wird nach Rückkehr aus Japan zum Bibliothekschef ernannt:<br><ul><li>Einstellung von Mao Zedong als Bibliotheksassistent</li></ul>
+HM~+-yyT)6 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie heißt der Gründer von La Jeunesse? Chen Duxiu (1879–1942)
+b~aqc}?,4f Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie heißt ein besonders wichtiger Verfechter von báihuà aus der Neuen Kulturbewegung? Hu Shi (1891–1962) setzt sich für zugänglichere Prosa (白话) ein
+hD6||ZxEL/ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was ist der politische Kontext und das namensgebende Ereignis der Bewegung des 4. Mai? "<ul>
+ <li>Ende April 1919: Gedenktag an die Schmach der „21 Forderungen“ Japans</li>
+ <li>Vertrag von Versailles:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Dank Unterstützung Frankreichs, Großbritanniens und Italiens erhält Japan die deutsche Konzession in Qingdao</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Im Gegenzug für einen Kredit erlaubte die Pekinger Regierung Japan die Stationierung von Truppen in Shandong</li>
+ <li>4. Mai: 3.000 Studierende demonstrieren am Tor des Himmlischen Friedens</li>
+ <li>Ausweitung der Konflikte durch Streiks, Boykotte und Verhaftungen</li>
+ <li>Unterschiedliche Bewertungen der Demonstrationen durch die Professoren der Peking-Uni</li></ul>"
+BDpiHc*yFH Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie wird die Gründung der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas auf den Folien zusammengefasst? "<ul>
+ <li>1920: Vertreter der Kommunistischen Internationale trifft Li Dazhao und Chen Duxiu</li>
+ <li>Gründung der KPCh und des Sozialistischen Jugendkorps in Shanghai</li>
+ <li>Parteizweige in Peking, Changsha, Guangzhou, Wuhan</li>
+ <li>1921: Erster Nationaler Parteikongress in Shanghai, formale Gründung der Partei</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>12 Mitglieder anwesend, stellvertretend für ca. 70 weitere Mitglieder</li>
+ <li>Chen Duxiu wird Generalsekretär des Zentralkomitees</li>
+ <li>Zwei Abteilungen: Organisation und Propaganda</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Grundprinzipien: Diktatur des Proletariats, Klassenkampf, Ideologie</li>
+</ul>"
+nHa5BAg~$B Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wann und wo wird die KPCh gegründet? Formal 1921 in Shanghai von 12 Mitgliedern, stellvertretend für ca. 70
+pOq:g}vXxz Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Warum wird auch die KMT nach der Bewegung des 4. Mai wieder stärker? <ul><li>Sun Yat-sen nutzt die 4. Mai-Bewegung, um Studierende zu mobilisieren</li><li>Lenin befürwortet Allianzen zwischen Proletariat und Bourgeoisie im Kampf gegen den Imperialismus</li><li>KomIntern wendet sich an Sun Yat-sen, schlägt Allianz mit KPCh vor</li><li>Gründung der Einheitsfront, Li Dazhao und Chen Duxiu werden KMT-Mitglieder</li><li>Reorganisation der KMT nach dem Modell der Bolschewistischen Partei</li><li>Konzentration der Macht in den Händen Sun Yat-sens</li><li>„Anpassung“ der Drei Volksprinzipien</li><li>Massenorganisationen für Arbeiter und Bauern</li><li>Parteiarmee und Whampoa Militärakademie</li></ul>
+K^^GHg1R$b Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Erste Einheitsfront: was passiert 1925–1927? <ul><li>1925: Tod Sun Yat-sens, Platz 1 nun Chiang Kai-shek (蒋介石)</li><li>1926–1927: Vereinigung Zentralchinas im „Nordfeldzug“</li><li>Chiang befürchtet Putsch durch KPCh und linken Flügel der KMT</li><li>1927: Massaker an KPCh-Eliten und Gewerkschaftsmitgliedern in Shanghai</li><li>Verfolgung der Kommunisten</li><li>Stalin befiehlt Bewaffnung von KPCh-Mitgliedern, was Abwendung des linken KMT-Flügels bewirkt</li></ul>
+hB1YN>Z4!T Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wann war das Nanjinger Jahrzehnt? 1927–1937
+I>-Vt$m}:+ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie reorganisiert sich die KPCh nach den Massakern 1927? Rückzug der KPCh in verstreute, schwer zugängliche „Soviets“
+u47z]QlMQ3 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wann beginnen die Aggressionen Japans in Nordchina? 1928, so richtig 1931 mit dem Mukden-Vorfall
+s)~&o/KE*D Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was waren einige politische Errungenschaften des Nanjinger Jahrzehnts? <ul><li>Reform des Rechtssystems</li><li>Tarifautonomie</li><li>Verbesserung der Infrastruktur</li><li>Versuch der Reorganisation der administrativen Ordnung; Schwächung der Dörfer</li><li>Schaffung eines modernen Bankenwesens</li></ul>
+z]=tr/5RpV Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wo gibt es im Nanjinger Jahrzehnt kaum Verbesserungen? Auf dem Land.
+K*3GI=-E4* Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie wird die Frühzeit der Soviets der KPCh auf einer Folie zusammengefasst? <ul><li>Trennung der KPCh: Flucht nach Moskau vs Rückzug in Basisgebiete</li><li>Wichtigste Basis: Jingangshan (zwischen Guanxi und Hunan)</li><li>Mao Zedong organisiert Bauern (Report 1927)</li><li>Landreformen in geringem Ausmaß (reiche Bauern, Gentry, Dorfchefs…)</li><li>Organisation von Armee unter Zhu De (1886-1976)</li><li>1931 Gründung der „Chinesischen Sovietrepublik“ in Ruijin</li></ul>
+q+~9T(,631 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wann war der lange Marsch? 1935–1936
+FH](nk?4X_ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Langer Marsch: Warum war ein Rückzug notwendig? <ul><li>Einkreisungskampagnen der KMT seit 1930</li><li>Ausdehnung der Soviets, weitere KMT-Kampagnen mit immer mehr Soldaten</li><li>1933: Einsatz von einer Million KMT-Soldaten</li></ul>
+j=Sbu*+x<4 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie viele sind auf dem langen Marsch, wie viele kommen an und wo? 100.000 Kommunisten können fliehen, marschieren 8.000 km nach Yan‘an, 20.000 kommen an
+Pl@i]r>hsr Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was ist eine wichtige politische Konsequenz aus dem langen Marsch was die Führung der KPCh angeht? Mao konsolidiert seine Macht
+lesu+<k|Fr Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was sind Kernpunkte der Ausrichtungsbewegung in Yan'an? • Theorie und Praxis (Mao präferiert Praxis)<br>• Kritik und Selbstkritik, öffentliche Schauprozesse<br>• Kultur dient der Partei<br>• Umsetzung der „Neuen Demokratie“, einer taktischen Allianz mit der Kleinbourgeoisie<br>• Schulungen in Ideologie und Strategie, Organisation<br>• Lese- und Schreibunterricht für die Bevölkerung
+Bi?`n9O-_v Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wann war der eigentliche Krieg gegen Japan? 1937–1945
+P`-z6zy5.i Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Welchen Vorwand nützt Japan im Krieg 1937–1945? Mukden-Vorfall 1931: Japan sprengt Eisenbahnlinie in Nordchina, beschuldigt Kommunisten
+g=K0WmV/A- Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie heißt der erste japanische Marionettenstaat in China und wer ist Oberhaupt? Manchuguo unter dem letzten Qīng-Kaiser Puyi
+l|na2?$x9U Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was bewegt Chiang dazu, noch einmal eine Einheitsfront mit der KPCh einzugehen? Xi‘an-Zwischenfall 1936: Warlord Zhang Xueliang entführt Chiang Kai-shek, zwingt diesen zu zweiter Einheitsfront mit der KPCh gegen Japan
+e2u~;@:j_y Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was kann man 1937 als kriegsauslösendes Ereignis festmachen? 1937: Scharmützel an der Marco Polo Brücke bei Beijing
+vjb|sX3hYg Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Was passiert am Ende des ersten Kriegsjahres? 1937: Nanjing-Massaker, ca. 200.000 Tote
+f>W%4oZu%| Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Wie wird der Übergang vom Krieg zum Bürgerkrieg und dessen Verlauf auf der Folie sehr kurz zusammengefasst? "<ul>
+ <li>1945: Kapitulation Japans</li>
+ <li>Sovietunion besetzt Nordchina</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>verleibt sich japanische Fabriken ein</li>
+ <li>verhilft Rote Armee zu japanischen Waffen</li>
+ <li>Übergibt erst dann Städte an die KMT</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Bürgerkrieg KPCh-KMT ab 1946</li>
+ <li>1948: Chiang Kaishek und Teile der Regierung fliehen nach Taiwan</li>
+</ul>"
+wQ%!:5Fn-) Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Was waren Herausforderungen der Regierungseliten der frühen Volksrepublik? <ul><li>Kontrolle des Landes (v.a. Lokalregierungen), kann Politik flächendeckend implementiert werden?</li><li>Geeinte Führung</li><li>Entwicklungsweg (Schwerindustrie oder Leichtindustrie, Reform oder Revolution, Öffnung oder Isolation)?</li><li>Aufbau administrativer Infrastruktur</li><li>Interne und externe Sicherheit</li></ul>
+nzKJrw^GMQ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution "Wie ist dieses Bild in den Folien betitelt?<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-006.png"">" Landreform
+darez%tYVd Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Was waren einige politische Projekte der ersten Jahre der Volksrepublik? <ul><li>Landreform</li><li>Von der Sowjetunion geförderte Industrialisierung</li><li>Schulpflicht</li><li>Rudimentäres Gesundheitssystem</li></ul>
+JXV3SA&YCk Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution "Was ist hier zu sehen?<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-014.png"">" Ein barefoot doctor, die Folie ist betitelt mit „Rudimentäres Gesdundheitssystem“
+ihouCeFeK! Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Für wann war der erste Fünfjahresplan in China? 1953–1957
+ntASb$zz}L Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie wird die Zeit 1949–1957 auf der Folie zusammengefasst? <ul><li>Enteignung von Großgrundbesitzern (in kommunistisch besetzen Gebieten schon vor 1949)</li><li>Sowjetische Entwicklungshilfe, Aufbau von Schwerindustrie, Ausbau von Infrastruktur...</li><li>Erster Fünfjahresplan (1953-1957)</li><li>Alphabetisierungskampagne</li><li>Rudimentäre Gesundheitsversorgung</li><li>Hundert-Blumen-Kampagne</li></ul>
+I-ri>3.F*) Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution "Wofür wird hier geworben?<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-018.png"">" „Rottet die vier Plagen aus!“:<br><ul><li>Stechmücke</li><li>Fliege</li><li>Sperling / Spatz</li><li>Ratte</li></ul>
+C;u34J8;_@ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution "Was ist hier zu sehen?<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-020.png"">" Selbstgebaute Schmelzöfen
+j%eX}!|G3T Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution "Warum ist dieses Bild in den Folien mit Fake News betitelt?<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-022.png"">" Es wird so getan, als würde das Korn hier so dicht beisammenstehen, dass Kinder darauf stehen könnten. Überpflanzung war Teil der revolutionär genannten Anbaumethoden.
+b)!id)}%N Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie wird der große Sprung nach Vorn auf einer Folie zusammengefasst? Der Große Sprung nach Vorne (1958–1961):<br><ul><li>Versuch der raschen Industrialisierung</li><li>Militarisierung der Gesellschaft</li><li>Schwächung traditioneller Beziehungen</li><li>Wettbewerb der Kommunen</li><li>Dezentrale Stahlproduktion in Hinterhöfen scheitert</li><li>“Revolutionäre“ Anbaumethoden scheitern</li><li>Hungersnot, ca. 30 Millionen Tote</li></ul>
+m1P]))*&vJ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Was passiert 1962–1966 politisch in China? <ul><li>Lockerung der Planwirtschaft (1962–1966)</li><li>Nach Scheitern des Großen Sprungs verliert Mao an Rückhalt</li><li>„Kampf der beiden Linien“: Klassenkampf oder Reform?</li><li>Stärkung reformorientierter Kräfte (Vizevorsitzender Liu Shaoqi, Sekretariatsgeneralsekretär Deng Xiaoping)</li><li>Entwicklung: zurück zu Landwirtschaft, Leichtindustrie, begrenzter Wettbewerb</li></ul>
+r9b1P{N[?j Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution "Was sieht man hier?<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-030.png"">" Eine Kampf- und Kritiksitzung
+gIEbU?9O]C Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution An welche Phase denkt man zuerst wenn man an Kulturrevolution denkt? 1966–1968: radikale Phase (Rote Garden und Revolutionäre Rebellen)
+"q,#e@@<mLQ" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Was beendet die radikale Phase der Kulturrevolution? 1969–1971: Auflösung der Roten Garden durch Militär, Landverschickung der Jugendlichen
+lrvl]{}=qV Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wer wird nach der radikalen Phase als Nachfolger Maos auserkoren? Lin Biao
+DUkBZ_Ua$| Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie geht es mit Lin Biao weiter nachdem er zum Nachfolger auserkoren wird? 1971: angeblicher Attentatsversuch auf Mao, Lin Biao flieht, stirbt bei Flugzeugabsturz
+C/Z;s6B-m0 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wann beginnt die Öffnung zu den USA und was ist das Stichwort das diese Beziehungsaufnahme oft beschreibt? "ab 1970/71: Öffnung zu USA (Gespräche mit Kissinger, Nixon, Ping-Pong Diplomatie)<br><br>Must-see dazu:<br><img src=""06-entwicklung-durch-revolution-034.png"">"
+^;4yB8c5E Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie geht es auf den Folien „Von der Revolution zur Reform“ (gemeint: Kulturrevolution)? <ul><li>1971: Sicherheitsberater Kissinger besucht China</li><li>1972: US-Präsident Nixon besucht China</li><li>Rehabilitation der Opfer der Kulturrevolution</li><li>Rehabilitation der traditionellen Kunst und Literatur</li><li>Gleichzeitig Anti-Liberalisierungs-Kampagnen der „Linken“</li><li>1977/8: Unterstützt durch das Militär übernimmt Deng Xiaoping die Macht</li></ul>
+n=<NI0hZ:B Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Welche Entwicklungsfortschritte gab es unter Mao? <ul><li>Nationale Unabhängigkeit</li><li>Rudimentärer schwerindustrieller Sektor</li><li>Rudimentäre Sozialversicherung, Arbeitsplatzsicherheit in den Städten</li><li>Recht auf Grundausbildung</li><li>Anstieg der Lebenserwartung (außer Großer Sprung)</li></ul>
+Osrtq~6S>g Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Folien: „Drei grundlegende Haltungen gegenüber Mao“? <ul><li>Symbol für die Wiedererlangung nationaler Unabhängigkeit und Stärke</li><li>Mao als charismatischer Führer</li><li>Symbol für politische Unterdrückung und Despotismus</li></ul>
+P86CKe9Q>/ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie rechtfertigt die Parteiführung 1981 was Mao getan hat? "<blockquote>
+ „For these initial ‚leftist‘ mistakes of the Cultural Revolution, mistakes of great significance and long duration, Comrade Mao Zedong is to be held responsible. In the end, however, the mistakes that Comrade Mao has committed are the mistakes of a great proletarian revolutionary“
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+ Die „vier Grundprinzipien“, die Aufrechterhaltung des Sozialistischen Weges, der Diktatur der Massen, z.B. die Diktatur des Proletariats, Beibehaltung der Führung der KPCh und des Marxismus, Leninismus und der Mao Zedong Gedanken
+</blockquote>"
+u-v26Qs6]u Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Was steht auf der Folie „Taiwan während der japanischen Besatzung“? <ul><li>1895: Qing-Dynastie überlässt Taiwan Japan (Vertrag von Shimonoseki)</li><li>Taiwaner können entscheiden, das Land zu verlassen</li><li>Repression anti-japanischer Bewegungen</li><li>Infrastrukturaufbau v.a. durch Goto Shinpei (verantwortlich für zivile Angelegenheiten)</li><li>Mischung aus Repression (ausgedehnter Polizeiapparat) und Kooptierung (Variation des Bǎojiǎ-Systems)</li><li>Lokale Eliten werden in der Verwaltung eingesetzt</li></ul>
+vJrvsXzH6s Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Wie wird Taiwan Teil der Republik China? <ul><li>1945: Taiwan Provinz der Republik China</li><li>1947: “Zwischenfall” vom 28. Februar</li><li>1948: Verhängung Kriegsrecht (bis 1987)</li><li>1949: Regierungssitz der Republik China nach Taiwan verlegt</li><li>Ca. 20% “Festländer” regieren ca. 80% “Taiwaner”</li><li>=> Kooptierung und Repression</li></ul>
+h7r-myeD1E Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Wann beginnt weiße Terror? 这是什么？ "<ul>
+ <li>1948: Verhängung Kriegsrecht</li>
+ <li>1948: “Vorläufige Bestimmungen für die Zeit der Mobilisierung gegen die kommunistische Rebellion”</li><li>Weitere Gesetze, die Freiheitsrechte stark einschränken</li>
+ <li>Als Antikommunismus verkleideter politischer Terror:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Ca. 3.000 Hinrichtungen</li>
+ <li>Bis zu 10.000 Personen verhaftet</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Hochphase endet 1954 gemeinsam mit tiefgreifenden Reformen</li>
+</ul>"
+gUDOOEg)lp Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Wie wird die politische Ausgangssituation in Taiwan 1945–1949 beschrieben? <ul><li>Neue Provinzregierung unerfahren</li><li>Keine eigene Regierungsinfrastruktur, Übernahme japanischer Strukturen</li><li>Japanische Beamte teilweise auch nach Übergabe 1945</li><li>Graduelle Ersetzung durch chinesische Beamte</li><li>Beamte waren gut ausgebildet, aber wenig erfahren</li><li>Inflation 1947</li><li>Antagonisierung der taiwanischen Bevölkerung</li></ul>
+b$lzl3<DM[ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::07—Wie regiert man als Minderheit? Wie funktioniert das Übersiedeln nach Taiwan? "<ul>
+ <li>Sitz von Regierung, Bürokratie und Nationalversammlung wird nach Taipei verlegt</li>
+ <li>Unter 2 Millionen Geflüchteten ein Großteil der politischen, bürokratischen, ökonomischen und militärischen Funktionsträger</li>
+ <li>Ausschließlich für “Festländer”: Positionen in</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Regierung</li>
+ <li>Militär</li>
+ <li>Bürokratie</li>
+ <li>Bildungssektor</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Verfassungszusätze, um neuen Gegebenheiten gerecht zu werden</li>
+</ul>"
+8+jLtF/hx Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie heißen die Mitglieder der Viererbande? "<dl>
+ <dt>Jiāng Qīng</dt>
+ <dd><img src=""1280px-Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg""></dd>
+ <dt>Zhāng Chūnqiáo</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <img src=""zhang chunqiao.jpg"">
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Yáo Wényuán</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <img src=""Yao_Wenyuan.jpeg"">
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Wáng Hóngwén</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <img src=""Wanghongwen.jpg"">
+ </dd>
+</dl>"
+O@{7;0{qep Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 "Wie heißt diese Person?<br><img src=""1280px-Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg"">" Jiāng Qīng
+bJG2nzvyt} Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 "Wie heißt diese Person?<br><img src=""zhang chunqiao.jpg"">" Zhāng Chūnqiáo
+FSje|@v-W, Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 "Wie heißt diese Person?<br><img src=""Yao_Wenyuan.jpeg"">" Yáo Wényuán
+A^:F<)*k/w Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 "Wie heißt diese Person?<br><img src=""Wanghongwen.jpg"">" Wáng Hóngwén
+"wE&E9[#$sO" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Einige Highlights des Jahres 1976? <ul><li>8. Januar: Tod Zhou Enlais. Nachfolger: Hua Guofeng</li><li>5. April: Demonstrationen auf dem Tian'anmen Platz („Trauerfeier“ für Zhou Enlai)</li><li>Sturz Deng Xiaopings, Machtkonsolidierung Huas</li><li>9. September: Tod Maos, Nachfolger: Hua Guofeng</li><li>9. Oktober: Verhaftung der Viererbande</li></ul>
+kd*_6].hr) Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie heißt der Nachfolger von Zhou Enlai? Hua Guofeng
+zEE-JLj~^o Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wann sind die Deng-Jahre? 1978–1997
+"P0J#G!g;q/" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was sind die Macht- und Legitimationsquellen und was verschiebt sich hier in der Deng-Ära? "<ul>
+ <li>Macht- und Legitimationsquellen:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Infrastruktur („infrastrukturelle Macht“, M. Mann)</li>
+ <li>Performanz (Wirtschaft, öff. Leistungen, Gemeinwohl)</li>
+ <li>Repression („despotische Macht“, M. Mann)</li>
+ <li>Ideologie</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>In der Deng-Ära:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Von Ideologie und Repression zu Infrastruktur und Performanz</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+CZm+bp<WAm Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was sind die Vier Modernisierungen? Gefordert von Deng Xiaoping, gecoined schon früher von Zhou Enlai (aber mit Transport oder so statt irgendwas anderem):<br><ul><li>Modernisierung der Landwirtschaft</li><li>Modernisierung der Industrie</li><li>Modernisierung der Landesverteidigung</li><li>Modernisierung von Wissenschaft und Technik</li></ul>
+jFjw@P}yYb Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Deng-Ära: Was entscheidet das 3. Plenum des XI. ZK 1978? <ul><li>Reduzierung der staatlichen Ankaufsquoten für landwirtschaftliche Produkte</li><li>Keine Erhöhung der Steuern auf die Landwirtschaft</li><li>Anheben der staatlichen Ankaufpreise für Getreide und andere landwirtschaftliche Produkte</li><li>Einführung von Bezahlung nach Leistung</li><li>Wiedereinführung privat bewirtschafteter Parzellen, von Haushaltsproduktion und von Märkten</li><li>Förderung der Diversifizierung des Anbaus</li></ul>
+sK?@kc}0~c Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 "Was ist hier zu sehen?<br><img src=""08-reform-oeffnung--020.png"">" Forderung nach politischen Reformen (1978-1979): die „Demokratiemauer“
+"KFV;#j%-0~" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Deng-Ära: Wie heißt ein wichtiger Vertreter des konservativen Lagers? Chen Yun
+f@TY)L&T:= Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Deng-Ära: Wie heißt ein wichtiger Vertreter des Lagers der Reformer? Deng Xiaoping
+l6Vmx^O7DB Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was waren wichtige Ansichten des konservativen Lagers in der Deng-Ära? <ul><li>Zentralismus in Verwaltung und Steuersystem</li><li>SOEs als Grundlage der Wirtschaft</li><li>Plan vor Markt</li><li>„Nur“ Verteilung ist notwendig</li><li>Privates Eigentum = Kapitalismus</li><li>Öffnung bringt „burgeoise Liberalisierung“</li></ul>
+Q]IX2(^]?` Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was waren wichtige Ansichten des Lagers der Reformer in der Deng-Ära? <ul><li>Begrenzte Dezentralisierung</li><li>Verschiedene Eigentumsformen</li><li>Gleichrangigkeit von Plan und Markt</li><li>Einige werden zuerst reich</li><li>Die „Methode“ des privaten Eigentums zur Erreichung des Sozialismus</li><li>Notwendigkeit der Öffnung</li></ul>
+y:s7A$pO8Z Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was passierte in der ersten Welle an wirtschaftlichen Reformen der Deng-Ära und wann war sie? 1979–1984:<br><ul><li>Dekollektivierung</li><li>Entwicklung einer ländlichen Kleinindustrie</li><li>Zulassung nicht-staatlicher Unternehmen</li><li>Errichtung von Sonderwirtschaftszonen</li></ul>
+"j$#pV|Xd}V" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was passierte in der zweiten Welle an wirtschaftlichen Reformen der Deng-Ära und wann war sie? 1984–1988:<br><ul><li>weitreichendere Entscheidungsbefugnisse für Manager</li><li>Reduzierung der staatlichen Planung</li><li>Weitere wirtschaftliche Öffnung</li></ul>
+kt0BO257p} Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie entwickelt sich die Analphabetenrate in China ab 1978? "<img src=""08-reform-oeffnung--031.png"">"
+q/ruhSMk7$ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie entwickelt sich der Zugang zu Informationen in China ab 1978? "Anzahl an Fernsehgeräten pro 1000 Einwohner in China:<br><img src=""08-reform-oeffnung--034.png""><br>Neuveröffentlichte Bücher:<br><ul><li>1980: 21.621</li><li>1990: 80.224</li><li>2003: 190.391</li></ul><div>Magazine:</div><div><ul><li>1980: 2.191</li><li>1990: 5.751</li><li>2003: 9.047</li></ul><div>Zeitungen:</div></div><div><ul><li>1980: 188</li><li>1990: 1.444</li><li>2003: 2.119</li></ul></div><div>Verlage ab 2003: 570</div>"
+tVo=PP%=0D Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie entwickeln sich BIP-Wachstum und Inflation in China ab 1980? "<img src=""08-reform-oeffnung--039.png"">"
+Q/7B2=!yKu Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie entwickelt sich der Gini-Koeffizient in China ab 1978? "<img src=""08-reform-oeffnung--043.png"">"
+F`C8w9qz>W Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie entwickeln sich die Regierungseinnahmen in % des BIP ab 1978 in China? "<img src=""08-reform-oeffnung--047.png"">"
+"EUpDXycBX#" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was steht auf der Folie „Die Ökonomisierung der Politik“? <ul><li>Wichtigstes Ziel der KPCh: Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung</li><li>Kaderevaluation und Bezahlung zunehmend nach wirtschaftlichen Kriterien</li><li>Sinkende Attraktivität einer Parteikarriere</li><li>Ökonomische Nutzung politischer Ressourcen</li><li>Verknüpfung von Politik und Wirtschaft durch die Kader</li></ul>
+eM)ghodW<r Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was waren Soziostrukturelle Auswirkungen der Reformen der Deng-Ära? <ul><li>Zerfall traditioneller sozialer Strukturen</li><li>Individualisierung</li><li>Wertewandel</li><li>Pluralisierung</li><li>Aufkommen neuer Gruppen und sozialer Organisationen</li><li>Zunahme der Mobilität</li></ul>
+tV5?Wbg<}h Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 1989: was steht auf der Folie „Räumung des Platzes“? <ul><li>Führung zunächst uneinig über Vorgehen</li><li>Hardliner setzen sich durch</li><li>Militärtruppen aus anderen Provinzen räumen Platz gewaltsam</li><li>Zahlreiche Todesopfer, unklar, wie viele (Kämpfe in den Straßen in der Umgebung des Platzes)</li><li>Führungskrise</li><li>六四 bis heute Tabuthema in China</li></ul>
+Ch/&KASOea Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie bewertet das konservative Lager den Tiananmen-Aufstand? "<ul>
+ <li>Anzeichen eines Zusammenbruches wie in der Sowjetunion</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>=> Wirtschaftlicher und kultureller Wandel als Hauptgrund</li>
+ <li>=> Reformen müssen rückgängig gemacht werden</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+o%./)6euD= Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Wie bewertet das Lager der Reformer den Tiananmen-Aufstand? <ul><li>Ohne Reformen wäre China 1989 zusammengebrochen</li><li>Ausländischer Einfluss als Hauptgrund</li><li> Notwendigkeit weiterer Wirtschaftsreformen</li><li>Versuch soziale Konflikte zu schlichten</li><li>Druck gegen die liberale Opposition</li></ul>
+gf_hJhFpjC Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::08—Reform, Öffnung und die Proteste von 1989 Was steht auf der Folie „1989 als wichtige Zäsur“? "<ul>
+ <li>Massive Systemkrise, die eine Innenschau begünstigte und zu einer Kursänderung führte</li>
+ <li>Performanz und Infrastruktur reicht nicht aus:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Stärkung ideologischer Indoktrinierung</li>
+ <li>Aufbau des Repressions- und Überwachungsapparats (aber nicht notwendigerweise Ausübung von Repression)</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+l@r/g1Fs@) Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg "Wie heißt dieser Club?<br><img src=""Sun_Yat_Sen_together_with_the_members_of_the_Singapore_Branch_of_Tongmen_Hui.png"">" <i>Tóngménghuì</i>, Bund der revolutionären Allianz, unter Sun Yat-sen. Aus der Fusion dieser Gruppe mit anderen entsteht später die KMT.
+J=?sB[uf8n Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Was ist mit Liberalisierung bei Taiwan gemeint? Öffnung des autoritären Systems
+BLr,7j/eHJ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Was ist mit Demokratisierung bei Taiwan gemeint? "<ul>
+ <li>autokratische Institutionen werden durch demokratische ersetzt, v.a.:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Schutz der Menschenrechte</li>
+ <li>Meinungs- und Organisationsfreiheit</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Wahlen</li>
+ <li>…</li>
+</ul>"
+u^}xk{9w-* Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Was ist mit Demokratischer Konsolidierung bei Taiwan gemeint? <ul><li>Festigung und Ausbau des Systems</li><li>politische Akteure akzeptieren Spielregeln und Ergebnisse des demokratischen Prozesses</li></ul>
+f{TJCj~[C& Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Was steht auf der Folie „Regimetransformation in Taiwan“? "<ul>
+ <li>Relativ kurzer Liberalisierungsprozess</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Demonstrationen und Bildung zivilgesellschaftlicher Vereinigungen in den 1980ern bei höherer Toleranz der Regierung</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Von oben gesteuerte Demokratisierung</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Chiang Ching-kuo leitet Demokratisierung ein</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Gemeinamer Prozess: Taiwanisierung und Demokratisierung</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Lee Teng-hui übernimmt KMT nach Chiangs Tod</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Langwieriger Umbau des für China entworfenenen Institutionensystems</li>
+ <li>Fortbestand, zunächst sogar Verstärkung autoritärer Praktiken</li>
+ <li>Fortbestand der subethnischen Spaltungslinie</li>
+</ul>"
+G3WIn?gRY9 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""09-taiwan-009.png"">" Chiang Ching-kuo (1910-1988)
+QO)B?xNqX2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Welche Posten hatte Chiang Ching-kuo in Taiwan inne und wann? <ul><li>Chef der Geheimpolizei während des Weißen Terrors</li><li>Verteidigungsminister 1965–1969</li><li>Vizepremierminister 1969–1972</li><li>Premierminister der Republik China 1972–1978</li><li>Präsident 1978–1988</li></ul>
+fh>O=/)dot Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wo wurde Chiang Ching-kuo geboren und wo hat er studiert? <ul><li>Geboren 1910 in Ningbo, Zhejiang</li><li>Studierte in der Sowjetunion</li></ul>
+D5X9FZxb{k Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Warum wurde Taiwan demokratisch? "<ul><li>Schwindende Legitimität des Regimes (diplomatische Beziehungen)</li><li>Rückeroberung Chinas utopisch</li><li>Mangel an Festländereliten nach dem Tod der ersten Generation</li><li>""Taiwanisierung"" der politischen Eliten</li><li>Chiang Ching-kuo glaubte, dass eine Demokratisierung nicht zu vermeiden sei</li><li>Internationaler Druck, vor allem durch die USA</li><li>Wirtschaftswachstum stärkte Mittelschicht</li><li>Entfremdung lokaler Faktionen durch hartes Durchgreifen beim Stimmenkauf</li></ul>"
+Lu83MB>`W& Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wie sieht eine kurze Zeitleiste der Demokratisierung in Taiwan von 1986–1990 aus? <ul><li>1986: Chiang kündigt Reformen an; Gründung der ersten Oppositionspartei</li><li>1987: Aufhebung des Kriegsrechts</li><li>(1988: Tod Chiang Ching-kuos)</li><li>1988/89: Aufhebung der Pressezensur, Aufhebung der Verbote von Demonstrationen und Parteien</li><li>1990: Großer Rat der Richter fordert Neukonstituierung der Nationalversammlung, des Legislativyuans und des Kontrollyuans</li><li>1990: Spannungen innerhalb der KMT: Soll Lee Präsident bleiben?</li><li>1990: Lee beruft Konferenz für Nationale Angelegenheiten ein</li></ul>
+NfJNK]O`Kf Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wie sieht eine sehr kurze Zeitleiste der Liberalisierung in Taiwan von 1991–1996 aus? "<ul>
+ <li>1991: Abschaffung der Vorläufigen Bestimmungen. Neue Verfassungszusätze ermöglichen Wahl der 2. Nationalversammlung</li>
+ <li>1991 (Dezember): Neuwahl der Nationalversammlung</li>
+ <li>1992 (Dezember): Neuwahl des Legislativyuan</li>
+ <li>1994: Verfassungsreform erlaubt Direktwahl des Präsidenten</li>
+ <li>1996: Lee Teng-hui wird der erste direkt gewählte Präsident</li>
+</ul>"
+H?>i~%ydzs Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""09-taiwan-018.png"">" Lee Teng-hui (1923–2020)
+HGwb6uZ{9Y Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Welche Ämter hatte Lee Teng-hui? • Universitätsprofessor für Agrarökonomie<br>• 1978–1981: Bürgermeister Taipei, Ständiger Ausschuss der KMT<br>• 1981–1984: Gouverneur Taiwan Provinz<br>• 1984–1988: Vizepräsident<br>• 1988–2000: Präsident der Republik China auf Taiwan
+k4sk4|p%rZ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Was waren Herausforderungen der Ära Lee Teng-hui auf Taiwan? "<ul>
+ <li>Machterhalt trotz Demokratisierung</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Vertiefte Abhängigkeit von immer stärker werdenden Lokalfaktionen</li>
+ <li>Zunahme Korruption und organisiertes Verbrechen</li>
+ <li>Spaltung der Partei</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Positionierung gegenüber der Volksrepublik China</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>„Raketenkrise“ 1996</li>
+ <li>Nationale Vereinigungsstrategie</li>
+ <li>Taiwan wird als Staat definiert</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+jgQ+1:Ekep Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans "Zeiche die Grafik ""Die politische Maschine der Guomindang (GMD)"" auf, wie sie in den Slides mehreren Vorlesungen u.a. Taiwan vorkommt." "<img src=""politische_maschine.png"">"
+"uJ|Q[t&P#l" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Taiwan, bitte weiter ausführen: „Demokratisierung stärkt Einfluß klientelistischer Netzwerke“ <ul><li>Lee Teng-hui sucht Unterstützung der Netzwerke</li><li>Stärkere Verquickung von Lokalfaktionen und organisiertem Verbrechen</li><li>Abgeordnete aus Lokalfaktionen ziehen in Nationalversammlung und Legislativyuan ein</li><li>1998–2000: Mafiaboss Lo Fu-Chu hat Vorsitz des Justizausschusses inne</li></ul>
+G^H2:{@9KU Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wer ist Lo Fu-Chu? 1998–2000: Mafiaboss Lo Fu-Chu hat Vorsitz des Justizausschusses inne
+H$50@b[tK_ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wie sieht die politische Maschine der KMT nach der Demokratisierung aus, bitte aufzeichnen. "<img src=""09-taiwan-027.png"">"
+n<PDK>vs_G Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wer geht in Taiwan im besonderen gegen die lokalen Netzwerke vor und welche Rückschläge gibt es? Ma Ying-jeou (Justizminister 1993-1996) geht gegen lokale Netzwerke vor:<br><ul><li>Politische Kampagne gegen Stimmenkauf</li><li>1994: Anklage von mehr als 1/3 der Landdtagsabgeordneten</li><li>Präsident Lee Teng-hui maßregelt Ma</li></ul>
+h5.:jN*7mB Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Welcher Justizminister in Taiwan ist für seine Bekämpfung des organisierten Verbrechens bekannt? Liao Cheng-Hao (Justizminister 1996-1998) erklärt dem organisierten Verbrechen den Krieg:<br><ul><li>Sieht organisiertes Verbrechen als größtes Problem</li><li>Geht Durchsetzung der Vollzugsbehörden mit Informanten der Netzwerke an</li><li>Rekrutierte Polizei und Militärpolizei für Razzien</li><li>Belohnte „Whistleblowers“</li><li>Rotationsprinzip Polizei</li><li>Taskforce für Razzien</li></ul>
+ueOPI0r^.c Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Wie oft hat sich die KMT nach 1986 gespalten und in was? "<img src=""09-taiwan-036.png"">"
+GnDc}nr{m, Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans "Wer ist hier rechts im Bild (und links)?<br><img src=""09-taiwan-033.png"">" Liao Cheng-Hao (Justizminister 1996–1998)
+L$!C_94QY Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Taiwans Position gegenüber China: Was sind die „Drei Neins“? "Vor der Demokratisierung ""Drei Neins"":<br><ul><li>keine Kontakte,</li><li>keine Verhandlungen,</li><li>keine Kompromisse.</li></ul>"
+L,w$C8^>-2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Taiwans Position gegenüber China: wie entwickelt sie sich ab der Demokratisierung bis 1992? "<ul><li>Seit 1987: Besuche möglich, bedingte Legalisierung von Investitionen in Festlandchina</li><li>Lee Teng-hui: ""flexible Diplomatie"" (nicht-diplomatische Außenbeziehungen)</li><li>1990: Nationaler Vereinigungsrat, Rat für Festlandangelegenheiten und Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) gegründet</li><li>1991: Ausarbeitung von Leitlinien für die nationale Wiedervereinigung: stückweiser Ansatz für die Wiedervereinigung mit einem demokratischen Festlandchina</li><li>1991–1995: halboffizielle Verhandlungen zwischen der SEF und der Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Strait</li><li>1992 ""Konsens"": Einigung auf Uneinigkeit darüber, was ""ein China"" bedeutet</li></ul>"
+OQ^}3O^Og/ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Taiwan: Inwiefern verschlechtern sich die Beziehungen zu China ab Mitte 1995? "<ul><li>Mitte 1995: Lee Teng-hui erhält ein Einreisevisum für die USA; die VR China stellt die Gespräche ein und führt Militärübungen durch</li><li>Die USA entsenden zwei Flugzeugträger in die Meerenge von Taiwan</li><li>1999: Lee bezeichnet die Beziehung zur VR China als ""besondere Beziehung zwischen den Staaten"".</li><li>2000: Der für die Unabhängigkeit eintretende Chen Shui-bian wird zum Präsidenten gewählt</li><li>Seit 2000: Chen setzt sich zunehmend für die Unabhängigkeit Taiwans ein (Referendum, Vorschlag für eine neue Verfassung usw.)</li></ul>"
+izc8*zRdaG Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::09—Die Liberalisierung und Demokratisierung Taiwans Für welche Fälle behält sich China einen militärischen Einsatz in Taiwan vor? Wenn:<br><ul><li>Taiwan sich auf unbestimmte Zeit weigert, in Verhandlungen einzutreten</li><li>eine ausländische Macht sich in die Angelegenheiten der VR China und die Lösung der Taiwan-Frage einmischt</li><li>Taiwan versucht, Atomwaffen zu entwickeln</li><li>Taiwan die Unabhängigkeit erklärt</li><li>es zu „Revolution und Chaos“ in Taiwan kommt</li></ul>
+H2e-H<;ls) Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie ist „Die kurze Amtzzeit Hu Yaobangs“ auf den Folien zusammengefasst? <ul><li>1980: Vier Verbündete von Hua Guofeng verlieren Sitz im Ständigen Ausschuss des Politbüros</li><li>Hua Guofeng verliert Parteivorsitz, wird durch Hu Yaobang, dem auserkorenen Nachfolger Dengs, ersetzt.</li><li>1982: Hu Yaobang wird Generalsekretär der KPCh</li><li>1980-83: Hu unterstützt Intellektuelle, die Kritik an Partei üben; setzt sich gegen „Kampagne gegen geistige Verschmutzung“ ein</li><li>1984: Kongress der Schriftstellervereinigung. Hu gibt freie Hand bei Wahl des Vorstandes, verärgert Konservative noch mehr</li><li>1986: Deng entscheidet sich gegen Hu, der 1987 (Demonstrationen in Shanghai) vorzeitig abgesetzt wird</li></ul>
+H(A;>gmpG= Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""10-jiang-hu--008.png"">" Zhao Ziyang
+ErTpf%L[Ir Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie wird die Amtsszeit von Zhao Ziyang auf den Folien zusammengefasst? "<ul>
+ <li>1987:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Zhao Ziyang folgt Hu Yaobang als Generalsekretär der KPCh.</li><li>Li Peng wird, entgegen dem Wunsch Dengs, Premierminister</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Programm:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Strengere Trennung zwischen Partei und Staat,</li>
+ <li>ökonomische Liberalisierung</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>1988:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Zhao wird Schuld für hohe Inflation gegeben,</li><li>Konservative fordern Wechsel der Spitze</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>17. Mai 1989: Zhao kritisiert Dengs Charakterisierung der Proteste als „geplante Verschwörung“</li>
+ <li>Ende Juni 1989: Zhao wird aus Amt des Generalsekretärs entlassen und unter Hausarrest gestellt</li>
+</ul>"
+kPJz!d1]t2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie wird Jiāng Zémín auf den Folien zusammengefasst? "Jiāng Zémín: die dritte Wahl:<br>
+<ul>
+ <li>1989: Deng übergeht Lĭ Péng, entscheidet, dass Jiāng Zémín die „Dritte Generation“ anführen soll (Jiāng nicht Mitglied des SA PB!)</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Pro: richtiges Alter, Universitätsabschluss, Parteisekretär von Shanghai</li><li>Contra: relativ wenig vernetzt.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Deng entscheidet Führungswechsel 2002 mit Hú Jǐntāo als Nachfolger Jiāngs</li>
+ <li>Politbüro unterstützt Jiāng nur teilweise</li>
+</ul>"
+q`9_Ivu%~= Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""10-jiang-hu--021.png"">" Jiāng Zémín
+N~8tTm*H7U Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie sieht das politische Netzwerk von Jiāng Zémín aus? "<img src=""jiang-zemin-netzwerk.png"">"
+I+y,ujOxJ_ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Was ist Authoritarian Resilience (Andrew Nathan) in Bezug auf die Volksrepublik? <ul><li>Normgebundene Nachfolgepolitik</li><li>Meritokratie</li><li>Institutionelle Differenzierung (v.a. Partei, Staat, Legislative, …)</li><li>Inputinstitutionen (Dorfwahlen, Massenmedien, Petitionen, Zivilgesellschaft…)</li></ul>
+xH}D.gfDE% Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie konsolodiert Jiāng Zémín seine Macht (Überschrift: Jiang übernimmt das politische Zentrum)? "<ul>
+ <li>1995: Amtsenthebung Chen Xitongs wegen Korruptionsvorwürfen</li>
+ <li>1995: Keine aktiven Militärs im SA PB (Initiative von Bo Yibo)</li>
+ <li>1997: Jiang legt „Rentenalter“ im SA PB auf 70 fest</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Qiao Shi muss gehen</li>
+ <li>Li Peng (69) darf bleiben</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Qiao Shi, Wan Li und Li Ruihuan legen Dengs Nachfolgepläne offen</li>
+ <li>2002: „Rentenalter“ wird auf 68 gesenkt</li>
+ <li>Li Ruihuan muss vom Vorsitz der Politischen Konsultativkonferenz zurücktreten</li>
+</ul>"
+"jKWt#jm]Re" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Was sind Highlights der Ära Jiāng Zémín/Zhu Rongji? „Highlights“ der Ära Jiāng:<br><ul><li>Fortführung von Dengs Reformpolitik, dabei vor allem Konzentration auf Staatsunternehmen und die reichen Küstenprovinzen</li><li>Ungleichheit steigt, der ländliche Bereich fällt zurück</li><li>Zhu Rongji (Premierminister) zeigt, dass er sich wenig mit Zuständen auf dem Land auskennt</li><li>Professionalisierung des Militärs (Aufgabe von Militärunternehmen)</li><li>Beitritt Chinas zur WTO (2001)</li></ul><div>„Highlights“ der Ära Jiāng Zémín/Zhu Rongji:<br><ul><li>Reformen im Bankensektor</li><li>Reformen der Staatsunternehmen</li><li>Die „Drei Vertretungen“ (Partei vertritt die fortschrittlichen Produktivkräfte Chinas, die fortschrittliche Kultur Chinas und die grundlegenden Interessen der überwältigenden Mehrheit des chinesischen Volkes)</li><li>=> Parteimitgliedschaft für UnternehmerInnen möglich</li></ul></div>
+K!+1v<uFGJ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Was sind die „Drei Vertretungen“? Partei vertritt die:<br><ul><li>fortschrittlichen Produktivkräfte Chinas,</li><li>die fortschrittliche Kultur Chinas</li><li>und die grundlegenden Interessen der überwältigenden Mehrheit des chinesischen Volkes.</li></ul>
+nL97s^=:?u Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie funktioniert der Führungswechsel nach der Ära Jiāng Zémín? "<ul>
+ <li>Parteitag 2002. Jiāng Zémín übergibt Amt des Generalsekretärs an Hú Jǐntāo, aber:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Behält Vorsitz der Zentralen Militärkomission</li><li>Huang Ju (PS Shanghai), Jia Qingling (PS Beijing) werden in den SA PB berufen, Nachfolger ebenfalls Protegés Jiangs</li><li>Zeng Qinghong, alternatives Mitglied des Politbüros, bekommt Sitz im SA</li><li>Von neun Mitgliedern des SA sind fünf Verbündete Jiangs</li><li>Auch Politbüro von „Jiangs Leuten“ dominiert</li><li>Wichtige Positionen (Leitung Propaganda, Organisation, Disziplin, Politik und Recht, Staatssicherheit, öffentliche Sicherheit) ebenso</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+z-`;kL>K@3 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao "Wer ist das?<br><img src=""10-jiang-hu--040.png"">" Hu Jintao
+h&j.`kkfvm Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Wie ist die Machtübernahme Hú Jǐntāos sehr kurz auf einer Folie erklärt? "Die langsame Machtübernahme Hú Jǐntāos:<br>
+<ul>
+ <li>2004: Jiāng übergibt Hu den Vorsitz der Zentralen Militärkomission. Aber:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Guo Boxiong und Xu Caihou behalten ihre Sitze</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Jiāngs Verbündete stellen Mehrheit im SA PB</li>
+</ul>"
+uP$J,<.$PB Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Was ist das Erbe Jiāng Zémíns? "<ul>
+ <li>Eine rasant wachsende Wirtschaft, aber:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Zunehmende Ungleichheit</li>
+ <li>Zunehmende Korruption</li>
+ <li>Zunehmende Umweltverschmutzung</li>
+ <li>„State capture“ lokaler Eliten</li>
+ <li>Eine zunehmend kritische Zivilgesellschaft</li>
+ <li>Zunahme von Protesten und Selbstmorden, v.a. auf dem Land</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+l@Z:UF(1LY Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Warum ist die zunehmend vernetzte Gesellschaft eine Herausforderung für die Politik in China? "<ul><li>Intellektuelle diskutieren online über den Zustand des Staates</li><li>Moralische Empörung gegen Machtmissbrauch</li><li>Zunahme von Diskursen über den ""Schutz der Rechte"" (维权)</li><li>Videos, Bilder und Homonyme zur Verspottung von Führern und Politik:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li><img src=""10-jiang-hu--048.png""></li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+mp=_~Xi`IK Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::10—Paradigmenwechseln? Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft unter Jiang Zemin und Hu Jintao Was waren Highlights der Ära Hú Jǐntāo/Wēn Jiābǎo? <div>Highlights der Ära Hú Jǐntāo/Wēn Jiābǎo:<br></div><ul><li>Das „wissenschaftliche Entwicklungskonzept“</li><li>Die „harmonische Gesellschaft“</li><li>„Friedliche Entwicklung“ (vorher: „friedlicher Aufstieg)</li><li>Förderung von Politikinnovationen auf der Lokalebene</li><li>Zunahme von Kommunikationskanälen zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft</li><li>Ländliche Steuerreform</li><li>Verbesserung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme</li></ul><div>Highlights der Ära Hú Jǐntāo:<br></div><div><ul><li>„Antisezessionsgesetz“ (2005)</li><li>Verstärkung des Repressions- und Überwachungsapparats im Kontext der Olympischen Spiele (2008)</li><li>Niederschlagung von Unruhen in Tibet (2008) und Xinjiang (2009)</li><li>Verhaftung von Dissidenten und Aktivisten</li><li>Territorialansprüche im Süd- und Ostchinesischen Meer, Konflikte mit USA, v.a. nach Weltfinanzkrise</li><li>Treffen mit Taiwans Vizepremier Vincent Siew (2008)</li></ul></div>
+HV+b..r?xP Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wer war Präsident oder Präsidentin in Taiwan 2000–2008? Chén Shuǐbiǎn (DPP)
+ce&%jxbHeS Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wie sind die Amtszeiten von Chen Shui-bian auf der Folie zusammengefasst? <ul><li>Liberalisierung erlaubt Formierung einer offenen Opposition</li><li>Demkratische Forschrittspartei als Partei der Taiwaner</li><li>Seit 1990er mehr Taiwaner mit juristischen oder verwaltungswissenschaftlichen Abschlüssen</li><li>Taiwanisch geprägte juristische Interessensvereinigungen</li><li>Antikorruption als Wahlkampfthema und politische Strategie</li><li>Zweite Amtszeit: v.a. Identitäts- und Festlandpolitik</li></ul>
+sEEl7R>RP! Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Chen Shui-bian: was begünstigt oder behindert den Wahlerfolg der DPP? Begünstigt:<br><ul><li>DPP profitierte von Spaltung innerhalb der KMT<br></li><li>=> Chance, das System zu Gunsten der DPP zu ändern<br></li><li>Die DPP stellt die Exekutive<br></li></ul><div>Behindert:</div><div><ul><li>Die DPP stellt (nur) die Exekutive</li><li>Legislative weiterhin kontrolliert von KMT</li><li>Mobilisierungsapparat der KMT erschwert DPP Gewinn von Wahlen</li></ul></div>
+PTjsKg5h3K Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Chen Shui-bian: welche Ziele werden mit der Antikorruptionspolitik verfolgt? <ul><li>Präferenzen der Bevölkerung</li><li>Verbesserung der politischen Wettbewerbssituation</li></ul>
+wa$3DU}/D. Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Chen Shui-bian Ära: welcher Justizminister nimmt in welcher Amtsperiode die Korruption in Angriff? Antikorruptionskampagnen unter Justizminister Chen Ding-nan (2000-2005):<br><ul><li>Staatsanwaltschaftliche Organe und Ermittlungsbehörden</li><li>Versuch der Schaffung einer Antikorruptionsbehörde scheitert</li><li>Personalwechsel in Ermittlungsbehörde des Justizministeriums</li><li>Druck auf lokale Staatsanwälte</li><li>„Ermittlungszentrum für Organisiertes Verbrechen und Korruption“</li><li>„Spezialermittlungsgruppe“</li><li>Beförderungsregeln für Staatsanwälte</li></ul>
+Q4VGP^3)rL Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was hat Chen Shui-bian entscheidend bei der Wiederwahl geholfen? "Ein versuchter Anschlag:<br><img src=""11-taiwan-demokratische-konsolidierung--014.png""><br>Dank Sympathiebonus gewinnt das Team Chen/Lu gegen Lien/Soong mit nur 29.518 Stimmen!"
+C%EYd^9[lR Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Mit welchen Referenden wird die Wahl in Taiwan 2004 verbunden? <ul><li>Aufbau Raketenabwehrsystem</li><li>Friedens- und Stabilitätsnetzwerk mit VR China?</li></ul>
+pchmPJ@yog Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was sind die Ergebnisse der Verfassungsreformen 2005 in Taiwan? "<ul><li>Die Nationalversammlung schafft sich selbst ab</li><li>Verlängerung der Legislaturperiode des Legislativyuan von drei auf vier Jahre</li><li>Synchronisierung von Landtags- und Präsidentschaftswahlen</li><li>Verringerung der Zahl der Abgeordneten des LY von 225 auf 113 ab 2008</li><li>Änderung des Wahlsystems: 73 Abgeordnete werden mit relativer Mehrheit in Einzelwahlkreisen gewählt (""first-past-the-post""), 40 nach dem Verhältniswahlrecht</li><li>LY kann nun den Präsidenten anklagen</li><li>Verfassungsänderungen werden nun per Referendum beschlossen, nachdem sie im LY mit 3/4-Mehrheit angenommen wurden; mehr als die Hälfte aller Wahlberechtigten muss zustimmen</li></ul>"
+"H0#U^uD}nq" Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wer ist der zweite Justizminister unter Chen Shui-bian und was macht er so? Institutionalisierung von Ermittlungsprozessen unter Justizminister Shih Mao-lin (2005–2008):<br><ul><li>„Follow the money“</li><li>Erfolgsquoten für Staatsanwälte</li><li>Wenige große statt viele kleine Fälle</li><li>Prävention</li></ul>
+wK803SeAq0 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wie versucht Chen Shui-bian in seiner zweiten Amtsperiode, Taiwans Stellung zu verbessern? "<ul>
+ <li>Kampagne für Mitgliedschaft in den Vereinten Nationen</li><li>Kampagne für neue Verfassung</li><li>Schärfere Rhetorik gegenüber China</li><li>Verschlechterung der Beziehungen zu den USA</li><li>Namensänderungen („Taiwan“ statt „Republik China“)</li>
+ <li>Verschärfte Fronten zwischen Exekutive und Legislative:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Untersuchungen des Regierungsgebahrens</li><li>Blockade der Mitglieder des Control Yuan</li><li>Blockade von Gesetzen</li><li>Einschränkung von Ausgaben</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+NX+KT^RzvK Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was waren einschränkende Parameter für Chen Shui-bian in seiner zweiten Amtsperiode? <ul><li>Legislative</li><li>Bevölkerung</li><li>Die eigene Partei</li><li>China</li><li>USA</li></ul>
+nQsmb7~sUG Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Hat Chen Shui-bian irgendwas mit Korruption am Hut? "<img src=""11-taiwan-demokratische-konsolidierung--026.png""><br>Anklage wegen Korruption:<ul><li>2006: Schwiegersohn, Ehefrau und persönliche Assistenten der Unterschlagung öffentlicher Gelder beschuldigt</li><li>Chen selbst der Unterschlagung, Bestechung und des Missbrauchs diplomatischer Gelder beschuldigt</li><li>KMT leitet Amtsenthebungsverfahren ein, das allerdings scheitert</li></ul>"
+Jt*5SCodF@ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wer folgt Chen Sui-bian als Präsident von Taiwan nach? Ma Ying-jeou war 2008 bis 2016 Präsident der ROC.
+D$hsp+T]b| Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wie wird die Präsidentschaft von Ma Ying-jeou auf der Folie zusammengefasst? <ul><li>Von höchstem Stimmanteil bei Präsidentschaftswahl zu niedrigster Zustimmung</li><li>von Wirtschaftswachstum zu Rezession</li><li>Trotz Mehrheit im Parlament scheiterten wichtige Gesetzesvorlagen</li><li>Gesunkenes Vertrauen in Institutionen, gestiegenes Vertrauen in Demokratie</li><li>Annäherung an China vs. taiwanische Identität</li></ul>
+rT/uSQezb` Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was war die Wahlkampflogik von Ma Ying-jeou (beim ersten Mal)? <ul><li>Niedriges Wirtschaftswachstum in vergangenen Jahren</li><li>Potential verbesserter Wirtschaftsbeziehungen mit VRCh</li><li>6-3-3 Versprechen</li><li>Von bilateralen zu regionalen Abkommen</li><li>Boomende chinesische Wirtschaft</li></ul>
+HcKNv/YaFN Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Welche Korruptionsskandale gab es während der ersten Amtsperiode von Ma Ying-jeou? <ul><li>2007: Ma (damals Bürgermeister von Taipei) wird wegen Unterschlagung angeklagt</li><li>2010: Fünf hohe Richter wegen Bestechung verurteilt</li><li>2011: Gründung der “Agency Against Corruption”</li><li>2012: Generalsekretär des Exekutivyuan Lin Yi-shih wegen Bestechung verurteilt</li></ul>
+iqFb_X5lv; Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was ist die wirtschaftliche Strategie von Ma Ying-jeou? <ul><li>Wirtschaftsbeziehungen plus Souveränität</li><li>Einigung auf „Konsens von 1992“</li><li>Direktflüge, chinesischer Tourismus</li><li>Ermöglichung und steuerliche Bevorzugung von FDI</li></ul>
+PQ`n7.yryO Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wie gut funktioniert die wirtschaftliche Strategie von Ma Ying-jeou? "Warum Mas Strategie scheiterte:<br>
+<ul>
+ <li>Globale Finanzkrise, Rezession</li>
+ <li>6-3-3 nicht erreichbar</li>
+ <li>Steigende Ungleichheit:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Niedrige Besteuerung Unternehmen</li><li>Finanz- und Immobilengewinne steuerfrei</li><li>Nur wenige Unternehmen profitieren von Tourismus</li><li>Hohe Einkommens- und Mehrwertssteuer</li><li>“Inflation“ von Universitätsausbildung => Arbeitslosigkeit</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Steigende Abhängigkeit von VRCh, innenpolitischer Wandel Chinas</li>
+</ul>"
+xlnod(x7Eg Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was war die Festlandpolitik von Ma Ying-jeou? <ul><li>Verbesserte Investitionsbedingungen für VRCh-Akteure</li><li>Kooperation bei polizeilicher Zusammenarbeit, Auslieferungen</li><li>Kurz nach Amtsübernahme: Treffen SEF und ARATS</li><li>Verträge mit China als “executive orders” verabschiedet, Parlament hat lediglich Vetorecht</li></ul>
+BAanYz7^;$ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung In welcher Form verabschiedet Ma Ying-jeou Verträge mit China? Als „executive orders“, Parlament hat lediglich Vetorecht
+Q}hi;.:*9* Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was ist ECFA? "Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA):
+<ul><li>29.6.2010: SEF und ARATS unterzeichnen ECFA</li><li>ECFA bedarf Gesetzesänderungen</li><li>Ma Ying-jeou übermittelt ECFA an LY zwecks Begutachtung</li><li>Öffentliche Meinung unterstützt ECFA überwiegend</li><li>Verabschiedung trotz Verzögerungsversuchen der DPP am 17.8.2010</li></ul>"
+dYo]P+3G:T Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was ist CSSTA? Das Cross-Strait Services Trade Agreement (CSSTA):<br><ul><li>Ma Ying-jeous Zustimmungsrate beträgt nur 13%</li><li>47% der Befragten gegen CSSTA</li><li>Juni 2013: Ma versucht Verabschiedung als “executive order”</li><li>25.6.2013: LY-Sprecher Wang Jin-pyng vermittelt: Dokument muss von LY verabschiedet werden, Abstimmung über jeden Abschnitt</li><li>Abhörskandal 2013</li></ul>
+yG-z`cpgkb Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Wie sieht der Weg zum Sunflower Movement als kurze Zeitleiste aus? "<ul>
+ <li>16. und 17.3.2014: Ma mobilisert KMT-Abgeordnete zur Abstimmung am 21. März</li><li>17.3.2014: Abgeordnete von DPP und TSU besetzen Komiteesaal</li><li>17.3.2014: öffentliche Proteste beginnen vor dem Eingang des LY</li><li>18.3.2014: Protestierende besetzen LY drei Wochen lang</li>
+ <li>6.4.2014: Wang setzt sich gegen Ma durch, der Protestierende festnehmen lassen will</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Verspricht Protestierenden Sicherheit</li><li>Verspricht Abstimmung nach Verabschiedung neuer Transparenzgesetze</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>10.4.2014: Protestierende räumen LY</li>
+</ul>"
+fb8CmVpv_! Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was steht auf der Folie „Demokratisierung: Gruppen und Prozesse“? "<ul>
+ <li>Gesellschaftsschichten</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Steigende Bildung</li><li>Taiwanisierung der KMT</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Wirtschaftliche Faktoren, Modernisierung</li><li>Staatliches Entwicklungsmodell (developmental state)</li><li>Autokratie vs. Demokratie</li><li>Die Rolle von Informationstechnologien</li><li>Von Wunsch nach Vereinigung hin zu Status Quo</li>
+</ul>"
+E<bh4G!l8z Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::11—Taiwan auf dem Weg zur demokratischen Konsolidierung Was sind politische Spaltungslinien in Taiwan? <ul><li>Nationale Identität</li><li>Beziehungen zum Festland</li><li>Korruption</li><li>Wirtschaftsmodell</li><li>Soziale Gerechtigkeit</li></ul>
+w=:;VJU<n^ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie heißt der Yangzi auf Chinesisch und wie heißt die chinesische Bezeichnung auf Deutsch? Cháng Jiāng 长江: langer Strom, langer Fluss
+Q(,xH$+s|[ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Was sind größere Verbände als Familien? <div><div>Clans → Dörfer/Arbeitsteilung → Dorfverbände/Wettrüsten</div></div>
+nqpi%|IwWg Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Welche Befestigungsanlagen waren im chiensischen Altertum üblich? Erdwälle (Stampflehm / rammed earth)
+Mu&H}]0Gd~ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Warum bilden sich Zivilisationen heraus? "The man himself würde sagen: ""Das ist eine ausgezeichnete Frage!"". Einige Denkanstöße aus der Vorlesung:<br><ul><li>Dörfer entstehen durch Arbeitsteilung</li><li>durch Krieg, weil je mehr Leute ich habe desto besser für meine Armee und ich verspreche Soldat*innen dafür gutes Land, und so geht's dann los</li></ul>"
+e(D=_2s)WW Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… 100 Schulen: warum so viele? <div><ul><li>Viele Höfe, noch keine ausgeprägte Staatsphilosophie vorhanden</li><li>Politische Umwelt die neuen Philosophien gegenüber aufgeschlossen war, willens sie auszuprobieren</li></ul></div>
+e*Vcx1G(.K Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Wie viele Jahre chinesische Geschichte gibt es? Schwer zu sagen ob 5000, 4000 Jahre Geschichte, war ein Prozess. Shāng geht jedenfalls 1600 v.d.Z. los, Xià falls es sie denn gibt 2000 oder 2200 v.d.Z.
+Ok<C+c*5vY Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was ist der dynastische Zyklus? <div><div>Jemand übernimmt die Macht und alles läuft super, dann kommt jemand der nicht so fähig ist, Korrouption und Misswirtschaft folgt, Dynastie fällt, dann nochmal von vorne.</div></div>
+v{x{L*|WB? Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::01—Von der Shāng zur Qín: Wie und warum entstand der erste chinesische Zentralstaat… Warum geht die Zhōu-Dynastie unter? Machtverlust zugunsten lokaler Mächte
+E=G}1p<D$1 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Was waren äußere Bedrohungen für die Qín-Dynastie? Die Xiongnu
+H`MdjF[9H| Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Hat die Táng-Dynastie den Legalismus abgeschafft? Han führen Konfuzianismus als offizielle Staatsphilosophie ein, aber haben Legalismus schon auch noch praktiziert
+X<Qz+pAs+ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie Warum geht die Qín-Dynastie unter? <ul><li>Rebellion, schwacher Kaiser/Nachfolge (nach nur ca. 15 Jahren)</li><li>Chu u. Han waren recht gut aufgestellt, haben zuerst das Reich untereinander aufgeteilt, dann relativ bald Krieg, Liu Bang gewinnt</li><li><div><div>Xin: kurzlebige Dynastie unter Wang Mang vor der Han-Dynastie</div></div></li></ul>
+GBJoh]E=VN Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::02—Zwischen Zersplitterung und Wiedervereinigung: Vom Ende der Qín-Dynastie zum Ende der Táng-Dynastie War Wǔ Zétiān super grausam? <div><ul><li>Angeblich Tochter erstickt und Kaiserin dafür beschuldigt</li><li>Ein Guy von der Sui-Dynastie hat 40 Prinzen umbringen lassen, war aber ein Mann im Gegensatz zu Wu Zetian und hier wird es eher als notwendig betrachtet</li></ul></div>
+b<AaSh~eIu Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Wie gelangt man an die Macht? <div><ul><li>man übt Macht als Beamter/Minister/Kanzler aus</li><li>Verschwörung, irgendwie ein Kind auf den Thron bringen und kontrollieren</li><li>Rebellion</li></ul></div>
+i}V=)A1-U2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Welche Dynastien wurden durch Militärgeneräle gegründet? "<dl>
+ <dt>Hàn</dt>
+ <dd>Liú Bāng: Ein peasant und ich glaub nicht direkt ein General, aber schon auch ein Militärdude</dd>
+ <dt>Suí</dt>
+ <dd>Yáng Jiān: General</dd>
+ <dt>Táng</dt>
+ <dd>Lǐ Yuān: General</dd>
+ <dt>Sòng</dt>
+ <dd>Zhao Kuangyin: General</dd>
+ <dt>Míng, Qīng</dt>
+ <dd>Wieder jeweils Militärdudes, aber ich glaube nicht direkt Generäle</dd>
+</dl>"
+tcNow;T9B% Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::03—Das Kaiserreich wird zunehmend autokratisch: Von der Sòng zur Míng-Dynastie Hat man Schießpulver nur für Feuerwerk benutzt? Nope, spätestens in der Sòng-Dynastie durchaus als Waffe
+zzX`*DCIHT Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Warum ist Opium ein Problem für China? <ul><li>soziale Probleme (~10% abhängig)</li><li>Opium wird mit Silber gekauft, aber das Steuersystem basiert darauf und Bauern können ihre Steuern nicht mehr zahlen</li></ul>
+KLo.ui=;5~ Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::04—Das Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches: Aufstieg und Fall der Qīng-Dynastie Welche Gebiete wurden unter der Qīng Teil des chinesischen Gemeinwesens? <ul><li>Xinjiang</li><li>Taiwan</li><li>Tibet</li><li>Mongolei</li></ul>
+e[F[7Af_f- Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Was ist aus den Parteien der neuen Demokratie später geworden? Es gibt immer noch 8 Parteien die der CCP untergeordnet sind, die Intellektuelle und andere Interessensgruppen vertreten
+Ir=xU-7ZH( Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie macht man Parteikarriere? "2 Strata:
+<ol>
+ <li>Fangen auf Gemeindebene an und werden Kreisbeamte</li>
+ <li>Steigen auf Stadtebene ein weil sie in Akademien waren</li>
+</ol>
+Gläserne Decke auf Kreis-Ebene"
+d1w9MI)n%k Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::05—Lenin meets China: Kommunisten, Nationalisten und der Weg in den Bürgerkrieg Warum verliert die KMT den Bürgerkrieg? <ul><li>KMT war Stadt-Partei und hat kaum Rückhalt auf dem Land, generell miesen Ruf wegen Korruption und Härte gegen Kommunisten</li><li>Guerilla-Taktik der Roten Armee funktioniert gegen die Taktik des KMT die auf offene Feldschlachten aus ist, z.B. auch weil sie die Geographie in Nordchina gut kennen, dezentrale Organisation bietet Vorteile in Versorgung (kein Versorgungszug)</li><li>KMT breitet Kräfte in Nordchina zu weit aus</li><li>Verzögerter Rückzug der Sowjetunion aus Nordchina nach dem Krieg und weitere Bewaffnung der Kommunisten</li><li><div><div>Frage auch wie effektiv die Führung von KMT war: Korruption, Shanghai-Gang-Kontakte</div></div></li></ul>
+g{?;l<=Kk2 Politische Geschichte::Vorlesungen::06—Entwicklung durch Revolution? Vom Großen Sprung nach Vorn zur Kulturrevolution Wie wurde Kooptierung in der Vorlesung definiert? Kooptierung bedeutet, dass man bestimmte Personen mit in das System einbezieht, indem man den Personen Aufgaben gibt oder anders für das System einnimmt.
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+ - '*.txt'
+ delimiter: "\t"
+ deck_name_pattern: 'See fields_mapping'
+ fields_mapping:
+ - guid
+ - deck
+ - Front
+ - Back
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+ Credits: <div notice-file="ITCCH_NOTICE"></div>
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- ITCCH_NOTICE.js
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+#separator:tab
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+#guid column:1
+#deck column:1
+#tags column:6
+MgqiTjWJ>K Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 "China in world rankings:
+<ul>
+ <li>Population,</li>
+ <li>landmass,</li>
+ <li>size of economy.</li>
+</ul>" "<dl>
+ <dt>Population</dt>
+ <dd>~1,412m in 2021, was a bit more than India at the same time (1,408m in 2021), but India probably overtook China in 2023, making China a close 2<sup>nd</sup>.</dd>
+ <dt>Landmass</dt>
+ <dd>3<sup>rd</sup>-largest after Russia and Canada.</dd>
+ <dt>Size of economy</dt>
+ <dd>Largest trading naation and second-largest economy.</dd>
+</dl>"
+i6]44[2tpM Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's the majority ethnicity in the PRC? Which percentage of the populace is a member of this ethnicity? What's the percentage in the ROC? "<dl>
+ <dt>PRC</dt>
+ <dd><em>Over 90%</em> (source: lecture slides, citing The Economist) or 91.1% in 2021 (<a href=""https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#people-and-society"">CIA factbook estimate</a>) of the people in the PRC are <em>Han</em>.</dd>
+
+ <dt>ROC</dt>
+ <dd>Not mentioned in the slides, <a href=""https://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf"">Executive Yuan, ROC</a> estimates 97% are <em>Han</em>.</dd>
+</dl>"
+BH=i62ai6/ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How many ethnic groups are recognized in the PRC? 55 ethnic groups other than the majority <em>Han</em>, 56 overall.
+Ep8}_*cRee Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name 5 minority ethnicities in China, along with the autonomous region associated with them, if any. "<table>
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Ethnic group</td>
+ <td>AR</td>
+ <td>other places</td>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Uyghurs</td>
+ <td>Xīnjiāng AR</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Mongolians</td>
+ <td>Inner Mongolia AR</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Tibetans</td>
+ <td>Tibet AR</td>
+ <td>Regions neighbouring Tibet</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Zhuang<sup>1,2</sup></td>
+ <td>Guangxi AR</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Huí<sup>2</sup></td>
+ <td>Níngxià AR</td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Manchu<sup>2</sup></td>
+ <td>—</td>
+ <td>Manchuria, their ancestral homeland, is in the far northeast</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+ <sup>1</sup> Zhuang are the most populuous minority in China.<br>
+ <sup>2</sup> bonus group, not mentioned in the Slides.
+</p>"
+yE<QS(SVp| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's the official language of the PRC? The <em>national language</em> (普通话, Pǔtōnghuà), usually referred to as <em>Mandarin</em> in the west.
+Mu5bdtLNZm Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How many provinces are there in PRC? 22, or 23 if you include Taiwan.
+zdl|?Q|Ys6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name all autonomous regions in the PRC. "5 autonomous regions:
+<ul>
+ <li>Guǎngxī,</li>
+ <li>Inner Mongolia,</li>
+ <li>Tibet,</li>
+ <li>Níngxià,</li>
+ <li>Xīnjiāng.</li>
+</ul>"
+Pd{cNTT!Ys Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name all provincial-level municipalities in the PRC. "All 4 provincial-level municipalities in the PRC:
+<ul>
+ <li>Běijīng,</li>
+ <li>Tiānjīn,</li>
+ <li>Shànghǎi,</li>
+ <li>Chóngqìng.</li>
+</ul>"
+"q#=WG=.O=F" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 "Ethymology: ""China""." First mention in a European language is in a 16<sup>th</sup> century Spanish text. Apparently derives from references to Qín dynasty, via Sanskrit चीन (cīna) and Japanese ⽀那 (shina).
+gh8,aCV56; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's the chinese name for China proper, as opposed to the wider Chinese world? What's the origin of the name? "Zhōngguó 中国 (“Middle Kingdom”) dates back 3,500 years to classic poetry collection, the Book of
+Odes (Shijing; aka the Classic of Poetry)"
+eub)ZBkJir Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's the name of the wider Chinese world in Chinese, as opposed to China proper? "Zhonghua 中华, Chinese civilization, wider Chinese world; included in the names of both the Republic
+of China (Zhonghua minguo; 1911–1949) and the People‘s Republic of China (Zhonghua renmin gonghe
+guo, 1949–present)"
+E94(([<CW! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How old is the earliest evidence for a Chinese script? Earliest evidence dates back to 3,500 years ago, probably the 3<sup>rd</sup> or 4<sup>th</sup> oldest writing system in the world.
+FGf6Q=c:nO Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's the name of the earliest type of script used for Chinese writing? Jiaguwen (甲骨⽂), a.k.a oracle bone script.
+jV.gj~e/*W Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name three views on when China became <em>modern</em>. "<dl>
+ <dt>Oxford Illustrated History of Modern China</dt>
+ <dd>Song Dynasty (960–1279); time of urbanization and
+economic and technological development (e.g. woodblock printing), arts
+(painting), gardens.</dd>
+
+ <dt>Wasserstrom</dt>
+ <dd>Ming and Qīng, Time of consolidation of key cultural and political markers of “Chinese
+civilisation”, e.g. Forbidden City, Great Wall, great works of literature
+(novels) and art (porcelain), technology (movable type for printing),
+science (medicine), triennial civil service examination (keju).</dd>
+
+ <dt>PRC historiography</dt>
+ <dd>modern era begins with first Opium War (1839-42) during the Qīng Dynasty, i.e. incursion of
+Western imperialist powers into the Chinese empire.</dd>
+
+ <dt>Jaivin</dt>
+ <dd>End of chinese imperial system and founding of the RoC in 1911.</dd>
+</dl>"
+cyF^VKE``? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Political periodization 1912–present "<ul>
+ <li>Republic of China; Republican era (1912–1949),</li>
+ <li>People's Republic of China (1949–present), led by CCP, further divided in:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Socialist era (1949–1976),</li>
+ <li>“Post-Mao” era; Postsocialist era (1976–present).</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+"Ee3#p^pV~d" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Periodization of modern literary history in the PRC <p><br>Periodization typical in the PRC:<br></p><ul><br> <li>Early modern; jindai (1842–1910),</li><br> <li>Modern; xiandai (1911–1948),</li><br> <li>Contemporary; dangdai (1949–present).</li><br></ul><br><p></p><br><p><br> Furthermore: Literary historians tend to define “modern Chinese literature” as literature produced after the 1917 “New Culture<br>Movement”.<br></p>
+g5rSYzA;gt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Ming dynasty: start and end years? 1368–1644
+GmlfKA=$~& Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 First Ming emperor: Name, capital, start and end of reign, number of provinces? "<dl>
+ <dt>Name</dt>
+ <dd>Hongwu Emperor</dd>
+
+ <dt>Capital</dt>
+ <dd>Nanjing</dd>
+
+ <dt>Reign</dt>
+ <dd>1368–1398</dd>
+
+ <dt>Provinces</dt>
+ <dd>15: define much of the modern borders</dd>
+</dl>"
+MNMfF@$MJ3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 The other important early Ming emperor: capital, reign start/end, notable constructions? "<dl>
+ <dt>Name</dt>
+ <dd>Yongle Emperor</dd>
+
+ <dt>Capital</dt>
+ <dd>Beijing (he moved it)</dd>
+
+ <dt>Reign</dt>
+ <dd>1402–1424</dd>
+
+ <dt>Notable constructions</dt>
+ <dd>Forbidden city (completed 1420), Expansion of Great Walls</dd>
+</dl>"
+zvU/f5s`Vv Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name five things that make the time of the Ming dynasty <em>modern</em>. "<ul>
+ <li>Time of great urban, mercantile, literary, and artistic development,</li>
+ <li>Rise of wealthy urban middle class, social mobility, lively popular culture,</li>
+ <li>Technological advances,</li>
+ <li>Development of fiction, traditionally a “low” genre,</li>
+ <li>“Four Great Classical Novels”.</li>
+</ul>"
+qLFj}57{z| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name three technological advances of the Ming dynasty. "<ol>
+ <li>Silk weaving,</li>
+ <li>Printing and publishing: invention of movable type,</li>
+ <li>Medicine: Compendium of Materia Medica, basis for traditional Chinese medicine.</li>
+</ol>"
+vj$[ASPZ*N Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Three examples of Ming dynasty fiction? "<ol>
+<li>Romance of the Three Kingdoms,</li>
+<li>Journey to the West, Outlaws of the Marsh (aka Water Margin),</li>
+<li>The Plum in the Golden
+Vase (aka Jinpingmei).</li>
+</ol>"
+DTH{VM:=x3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What is the Chinese name for the four great classical novels, and what are they? "The Four Great Classical Novels or si da mingzhu of the Ming and Qīng dynasties are:
+<ol>
+ <li>Journey to the West,</li>
+ <li>Outlaws of the Marsh,</li>
+ <li>Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Ming),</li>
+ <li>Dream of the Red Chamber (Qīng).</li>
+</ol>"
+p8nUYmGS;4 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Four key developments of the later years of the Ming dynasty? "<ul>
+<li>1513: Portuguese expedion establishes trading post in Macao; possible origin of
+term “foreign devils” (yang guizi); first major exporters of tea to Europe
+(Cantonese: cha; “tea” came later from thee, Fujianese, via the Dutch)</li>
+<li>1560s: Arrival of first Jesuits in Macao (then Guangdong and elsewhere)</li>
+<li>1630s: beginning of rebellions that would take down the Ming dynasty (last Ming
+Emperor Chongzhen hung himself on a hill behind the Forbidden City)</li>
+<li>1644: Establishment of the Qīng Dynasty, Manchu ethnicity (northern nomadic
+tribes, formerly known as the Jin/Jurchens)</li>
+</ul>"
+lZ7OOVZ]a> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 A certain Jesuit in China: western name, chinese name, birth and death years. "<dl>
+ <dt>Western name</dt>
+ <dd>Matteo Ricci</dd>
+
+ <dt>Chinese name</dt>
+ <dd>Li Madou</dd>
+
+ <dt>Birth and death</dt>
+ <dd>1552–1610</dd>
+</dl>"
+fq=Z:;PMR[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 A certain Jesuit in China: four key facts? "<ul>
+ <li>Chinese-speaking Italian Jesuit priest at Ming court under Wanli Emperor (reign 1572–1620),</li>
+ <li>Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (Kunyu wanguo quantu, 1602) with China at the
+centre of the world,</li>
+ <li>devised the first system for transcribing Chinese into the Roman alphabet,</li>
+ <li>called the capital with Latinate term “Pequim”, hence Beijing became known as Peking in European languages.</li>
+</ul>"
+z~x?372c;> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Qīng dynasty: start and end years? 1644–1911
+fF>lVWBEDh Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 The thing with the hair and clothing style in the Qīng dynasty? All adult males had to wear the <em>queue</em> or <em>bianzi</em> and the Manchu dress style, despite strong Han resistance.
+xc~q/o&jtu Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Qīng: Banners? "System of <em>Eight Banners</em> or <em>baqi</em>. Manchu system of social, political and military organization:
+<ul>
+ <li>administrative registration system of Manchu households,</li>
+ <li>military divisions (served as armies in wartime),</li>
+ <li>bannermen: hereditary membership,</li>
+ <li>divided by ethnic group: Manchu, Mongolian, Han.</li>
+</ul>"
+vhf?%UWDkT Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Which ethnic group(s) did Bannermen in the Qīng dynasty belong to? Manchu, Mongolian and Han.
+gqUU+LZq1] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Three emperors of the high Qīng? "<ul>
+ <li>Kangxi Emperor, reign 1661–1722, longest reign in Chinese history,</li>
+ <li>Yongzheng Emperor, reign 1722-1735,</li>
+ <li>Qianlong Emperor, reign 1735–1796 (de facto in power until 1799).</li>
+</ul>"
+bC>T+QXo9U Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Key facts about the first of the High Qīng emperors? "<dl>
+ <dt>Name</dt>
+ <dd>Kangxi Emperor</dd>
+
+ <dt>Reign</dt>
+ <dd>1661–1722, longest reign in Chinese history</dd>
+
+ <dt>Jesuits</dt>
+ <dd>Close contacts, several Chinese-speaking Jesuits at his court</dd>
+
+ <dt>Old Summer Palace</dt>
+ <dd>Established it, also known as the Yuanmingyuan or Garden of Perfect Brightness.</dd>
+</dl>"
+y9j:-^xy/2 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Key facts about the middle one of the High Qīng emperors? "<dl>
+ <dt>Name</dt>
+ <dd>Yongzheng Emperor</dd>
+
+ <dt>Reign</dt>
+ <dd>1722–1735</dd>
+
+ <dt>Jesuits</dt>
+ <dd>Maintained court Jesuits but banned Manchu conversions to Christianity in 1724 after rite controversy with Rome/Pope</dd>
+
+ <dt>Language</dt>
+ <dd>Imposed single system of pronunciation of Chinese language based on Beijing dialect: <em>Guanhua</em> (“language of officials,” or “mandarins” – from Portuguese), hence Mandarin Chinese</dd>
+</dl>"
+"M@x7A:#/df" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Key facts about the last of the High Qīng emperors? "<dl>
+ <dt>Name</dt>
+ <dd>Qianlong Emperor</dd>
+
+ <dt>Reign</dt>
+ <dd>1735–1796, <em>de facto</em> in power until 1799, one of China's golden ages (<em>shengshi</em>)</dd>
+
+ <dt>Conquest</dt>
+ <dd>Conquered Mongolian regions and “new frontier” (Xinjiang)</dd>
+
+ <dt>Culture</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <ul>
+ <li><em>Dream of the Red Chamber</em> by Cao Xueqin written under his reign</li>
+ <li>art collector and connoisseur, famous portraits by Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione</li>
+ <li>expansion of the Yuanmingyuan (Castiglione’s Western Pavilions and mechanical fountain clock)</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+</dl>"
+sT?e:1${3_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 The thing with portraits and the high Qīng? "<img src=""20231207_16h22m06s_grim.png"">
+<p>
+ An Italian Jesuit was also a Qīng court painter. His western name was Guiseppe Castiglione, his Chinese name was Lang Shining.</p>"
+f9JWkQlJ>3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What restrictions applied for European traders wanting to trade in China, prior to the opium wars? "Trade was:
+<ul>
+ <li>confined to Guangzhou,</li>
+ <li>only permitted from October to March, traders then had to go to Macao,</li>
+ <li>only possible through Chinese intermederies,</li>
+ <li>done under local law.</li>
+</ul>"
+bUvyf)&mi- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 At the time of the Opium wars, what Chinese trade goods were in high demand in Europe? Tea, silk, porcelain.
+b{:1-CslP0 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What were the name, year and goals of the first British diplomatic mission to China? "<dl>
+ <dt>Name</dt>
+ <dd>Macartney Mission</dd>
+
+ <dt>Year</dt>
+ <dd>1793</dd>
+
+ <dt>Leader</dt>
+ <dd>Lord George Macartney</dd>
+
+ <dt>Goals</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <ul>
+ <li>More open ports,</li>
+ <li>preferential tariffs,</li>
+ <li>permission for merchants to live permanently in China,</li>
+ <li>establishment of ambassador in Beijing.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+</dl>"
+N&E7&XH2Fj Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Result of the first British diplomatic mission to China, and possible reason for that result? The Qīng deny all requests of the Macartney Mission 1793. It probably did not help that Macartney refused to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. The official response of the Qianlong Emperor turns down the requests quite brusquely, arguing that the empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its borders.
+Dr/LS(TFP] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's a kowtow? "Transcription of koutou or ketou. ""three kneelings and nine prostrations"". Ceremonial requirement before the emperor at court, but also other ceremonial uses."
+"AJ#3UwkT|-" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Who received the first British diplomatic mission to China? Heshen, a Qianlong Emperor favorite, corrupt.
+ojB/P!OL8e Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Which British organization smuggled opium into China before the opium wars? The British East India Company smuggled opium cultivated in Calcutta into China. There already was a domestic market before that, mostly for medical purposes, and with less morphine contained.
+Oi0s4^c;w= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Facts about metals used as currency in China before the Opium Wars? "<ul>
+ <li>China paid for Opium in silver, resulting in fiscal drain,</li>
+ <li>silver came mostly from the Americas, Europe, Japan,</li>
+ <li>copper coins used as ordinary currency (called cash).</li>
+</ul>"
+D8YtO{)%.T Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Opium trade: advantages for British Empire? "<ul>
+ <li>Revenue for traders,</li>
+ <li>taxes for crown,</li>
+ <li>taxes needed to keep importing the highly demanded tea.</li>
+</ul>"
+NYnO]:v~T) Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Opium trade: disadvantages for China? "<ul>
+ <li>Imported opium had high morphine content,</li>
+ <li>addiction in various groups: young, middle-aged, civil servants, soldiers,</li>
+ <li>society suffers from addiction,</li>
+ <li>immense fiscal drain (opium paid for in silver).</li>
+</ul>"
+qYB)o*[M8B Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Opium trade: Chinese countermeasures before war? "<ul>
+ <li>1838: Daoguang Emperor bans opium trade,</li>
+ <li>1839: Qīng Imperial Commissioner <em>Lin Zexu</em> sent to Guangzhou to stop the trade, policies:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Sanatoriums for addicts,</li>
+ <li>breaking up of drug-trade rings,</li>
+ <li>forcing 350 foreign traders to cease trade,</li>
+ <li>locking up traders that resist in warehouses,</li>
+ <li>destruction of 1.4m kg of opium.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+mO}hawTg+u Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Results of the first opium war, start and end year? "<ul>
+ <li>The First Opium War started 1839 and ended with the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842,</li>
+ <li>First of a long series of “unequal treaties” that will come to define China’s relationships with foreign powers,</li>
+ <li>Origin of contemporary Chinese narrative of the “century of humiliation”
+ </li><li>Marked the beginning of the end of Chinese imperial system (+ 1847 Taiping Rebellion led by Hong
+Xiuquan, “brother of Jesus”/Taiping War 1851-1864),
+ </li><li>Beginning of the “treaty port system”: Britain granted access to 5 “treaty ports”, incl. Guangzhou and
+Shanghai, with foreign “concessions” (leased territories) where Chinese laws would not apply,
+ </li><li>Extraterritoriality (foreigners in the concessions exempt from local justice),
+ </li><li>Hong Kong Island ceded to Britain in perpetuity,
+ </li><li>Payment of large indemnities,
+ </li><li>Concessions also to US, France, and other nations.
+</li></ul>"
+gizS35O5O` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 When was The Second Opium War? The Second Opium war started 1856 with a Chinese attack on an opium-smuggling ship <em>The Arrow</em>, and ended 1860 with the Convention of Peking.
+ydFDD2i$rr Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Four key events of the Second Opium War with years, please. "<dl>
+ <dt>1856: The Arrow</dt>
+ <dd>Chinese attack the opium-smuggling ship The Arrow; France joins Britain in the war</dd>
+ <dt>1858: Treaty of Tianjin</dt>
+ <dd>10 more treaty ports opened, payment of further indemnities, permanant embassies in Beijing for Britain, France, US, Russia</dd>
+ <dt>1860: Imprisonment of Anglo-French delegation</dt>
+ <dd>Delegation imprisoned in Yuanmingyuan, 18 tortured to death, Yuanmingyuan ransacked and burned by British and French forces, Burning of the Old Summer Palace is a central image of ""century of humiliation"" narrative</dd>
+ <dt>1860: Convention of Peking</dt>
+ <dd>Kowloon Peninsula (mainland opposite Hong Kong Island) ceded to Britain in perpetuity, Indemnimes raised, Legalization of the opium trade in China</dd>
+</dl>"
+c:AV:.8~;| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What's a central image of the PRC narrative of the <em>century of humiliation</em> from the Opium Wars? In 1860, the Yuanmingyuan was ransacked and burned by British and French forces in the Second Opium War.
+n@CuNG)!b; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Some culturally important objects were looted from the Yuanmingyuan. What were they? What cultural response did they provoke? "<p>
+ The Yuanmingyuan had a water clock fountain with twelve waterspouts, each shaped in the head of an animal of the Chinese zodiac. The waterspout-heads were removed in the ransacking of the Yuanmingyuan, some are lost, some in private ownership and auctioned recently (for millions), one was a forgery. The return of the heads was demanded, seven of twelve are now held by Chinese museums.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ai Weiwei made an artwork <em>Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads</em>.
+</p>"
+foOU2ddVTE Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Four Chinese films on the Opium Wars? "<ul>
+ <li>Eternity, 1943, dir. Bu Wancang</li>
+ <li>Lin Zexu, 1959, dir. Zhen Junli</li>
+ <li>The Opium Wars, 1997, dir. Xie Jin, released on 1 July – Hong Kong handover ceremony</li>
+ <li>Destruction of Opium at Humen, 2021, dir. Zhang Zhe</li>
+</ul>"
+j*~5f5Xqa+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Cixi: birth and death years? Cixi 慈禧 lived 1835–1908.
+B4h}|cqRQ5 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How did Cixi start out at court? She became a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor (reign 1850–1861).
+eNR&>RP}3L Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How did Cixi first take control? Her 5-year-old son becomes the Tongzhi Emperor (reign 1861–1875), Cixi takes control as the Empress Dowager.
+G}1$+XW3d< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How did Cixi stay in power after the death of the Tongzhi Emperor? After the death of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1861, his 3-year-old cousin becomes the Guangxu Emperor (reign 1875–1908). Cixi controls the cousin.
+lj.M_?D)c> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How long was Cixi in power? For the last 50 years of the empire, often dubbed the power behind the beaded curtain.
+G>SC][J&^Q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Explain <em>the</em> failed attempt under Cixi to modernize the state. The Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was a push for constitutional monarchy and modernization of military, education and government. The reform was was spearheaded by a group of scholars including Kang Youwei and Liáng Qǐchāo and was also supported by the Guangxu Emperor. Cixi detains the Guangxu Emperor and becomes <em>de facto</em> ruler. Kang and Liang both flee to Japan, other reformists are publicly beheaded.
+"t|~e:02eX#" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Under which name, when and where were the Boxers founded? The Boxers emerge in 1898 (100 day's reform) in Shandong as a popular rebel movement. Their original Chinese name is <em>yihequan</em>, translated either as <em>Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fist</em> or as <em>Boxers United in Righteousness</em>.
+Jlt|XecdEK Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What was distinctive about the Boxer Militia (other than their political agenda)? "<ul>
+ <li>Poor peasants,</li>
+ <li>Red Lanterns: women's groups,</li>
+ <li>red, black and yellow turbans,</li>
+ <li>martial arts,</li>
+ <li>rituals of invulnerability.</li>
+</ul>"
+v>t5J6OHfk Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What was the Slogan of the Boxers? Support the Qīng, destroy the foreign
+zi}JWjeb3[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 When did the Boxers change their name? When the militias spread form Shandong to neighbouring regions, they adopted the name <em>Yihetuan</em> or <em>Militia United in Righteousness</em>.
+ef@?2F-5r; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Describe the ideological makeup of the Boxers. "<ul>
+ <li>Xenophobic behavior:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>anti-foreign,</li>
+ <li>anti-Christian,</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>superstition,</li>
+ <li>religious fanaticism,</li>
+ <li>seen in the PRC as a ""patriotic"" movement against foreign imperialism (but their victims were primarily other Chinese people).</li>
+</ul>"
+w,3z~`vDyf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How did the Boxers try to advance their political agenda? "<ul>
+ <li>Attacks/burning of churches, cathedrals and a racecourse,</li>
+ <li>killing of foreign missionaries,</li>
+ <li>killing of Chinese converts,</li>
+ <li>siege of Legation Quarter that houses foreign diplomatic missions for 55 days, in response to a German diplomat killing a Chinese boy.</li>
+</ul>"
+I0l7bcNM7V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What was the attitude of the Qīng toward the boxers? Ambiguous, but Cixi supported them.
+Ne?6ahiGyI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Results of the Boxer siege on the Legation Quarter? "<ul>
+ <li>1900, June 21<sup>st</sup>: Cixi declares war on all foreign powers,</li>
+ <li>1900, August 14<sup>th</sup>: Eight-Nation Alliance launches Eight-Power Expedition against Boxers in Beijing, Tianjin and northern China, huge Chinese death toll and looting of Forbidden City and imperial treasures in the <em>Raid of Beijing</em>,</li>
+ <li>1901, September 7<sup>th</sup>: Boxer Protocol</li>
+ <li>No desire to have the empire collapse, but establishment of informal colonization in the form of spheres of influence.</li>
+</ul>"
+QRq[g+66(S Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What is the name of the alliance and expedition launched by foreign powers to fight the boxer rebellion? The Eight-Nation Alliance, or <em>Baguo lianjun</em> launches the Eight-Power Expedition against the Boxers.
+tlez|q|5(F Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What were the foreign nations of the alliance against the boxers? "8 nations in total:
+<ul>
+ <li>Britain,</li>
+ <li>Germany,</li>
+ <li>Russia,</li>
+ <li>Italy,</li>
+ <li>USA,</li>
+ <li>France,</li>
+ <li>Austria-Hungary,</li>
+ <li>Japan.</li>
+</ul>"
+cE8Vi,eu,E Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Which nations maintained spheres of influence after the Boxer Protocol? After the boxer protocol, Russia, Britain, France, Japan and Germany maintained spheres of influence in China.
+v$]y5yriT& Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How was China portrayed in the West after the Boxer Rebellion? "The ""yellow peril"" trope emerged, China perceived as dangerous"
+e6I/Ygd_)m Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What new ideas amerged in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century regarding China among Chinese? "<ul>
+ <li>Rising anti-Manchu sentiments in China, from exiled Chinese and Chinese overseas communities,</li>
+ <li>calls for institutional change:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Kang Youwei, Liáng Qǐchāo: constitutional reform, democratization/modernization of monarchy (like Japan) under reinstated Gaungxu Emperor against Cixi,</li>
+ <li>Sun Yat-sen a.k.a Sun Zhongshan: revolution,</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>revolutionaries write anti-Qīng pamphlets and call for establishment of Republic (and get persecuted),</li>
+ <li>people cut their queues in protest (Sun Yat-sen, Mao Zedong),</li>
+ <li>concepts of a Chinese race and national ethnic identity emerge:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Liáng Qǐchāo: 民族 minzu, introduced via Japanese</li>
+ <li>Sun Yat-sen: 中华民族 Zhonghua minzu (Chinese race/ethnicity, ethnic identity of Chinese civilization)</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+c9Z~b)Mts? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 When and where to was Sun Yat-sen exiled? In 1905 to Japan.
+F6;!Y%]^qa Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 What did Sun Yat-sen establish in Exile in Japan? "Establishes the <em>Revolutionary Alliance</em> or <em>National Alliance</em> or <em>tongmenghui</em> in 1905, main points:
+<ul>
+ <li>anti-Manchu nationalism,</li>
+ <li>Republicanism,</li>
+ <li>notion of revolution, derived from the ancient concept <em>geming</em> for dynastic change linked to the idea of <em>guangfu</em> (restoration), also framed as ""the recovering of China by the Han people"" (Zarrow),</li>
+ <li>中华民族 Zhonghua minzu, a notion of chinese race and ethnic identity.</li>
+</ul>
+"
+f=05B%YfmT Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 When did Sun Yat-sen live and die? 1866–1925
+qPtlrhv/}6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Were there any more reform attempts by the Qīng after the 100 days reform? "Yes! Cixi's <em>New Policy</em> or <em>xinzheng</em> reforms in 1901 (first implemented 1902) had similar aims as the failed reforms in the areas military, education and government:
+<ul>
+ <li>Imperial examinations (keju) abolished in 1905 after more than 800 years</li>
+ <li>Western-style schools and curriculum with new subjects,</li>
+ <li>Beginning of language reform with the introduction of phonetic transcriptions for characters</li>
+</ul>"
+"NtX,#o^],?" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Name a few loanwords that were introduced from Japanese into the Chinese language in the 19th century. jihui (opportunity) (1896)<br>kexue (science) (1886)<br>kuaiji (accountant) (1889)<br>lishi (history) (1890)<br>neirong (content) (1897)<br>nongmin (farmer) (1890)<br>ziyou (freedom) (1868)<br>wenxue (literature) (late 19th century)<br>guomin (nation) (1899)
+Dw+F_IIA8` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 Who was the last emperor of China and how did he rise to power? Emperor Guangxu poisoned while under house arrest in 1908, probably on Cixi's orders. Cixi herself dies four days later. 2-year-old Aisin Gioro Puyi becomes the last emperor as the Xuantong Emperor.
+y[)i$0)9Np Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 How did the last dynasty end? "The 1911 revolution ended it:
+<ul>
+ <li>Armed rebellions in Guangzhou, Wuchang and other cities,</li>
+ <li>response to rumours that the Qīng planned to sell rights to local railways to foreigners,</li>
+ <li>1911 October 10<sup>th</sup>: <em>Wuchang Uprising</em> or <em>Double Ten</em>,</li>
+ <li>1912 January: Founding of <em>Republic of China</em>, Sun Yat-sen while in exile, is chosen as first provisional president,</li>
+ <li>1912 February: 6-year-old Puyi abdicates, but stays in Forbidden City, ending 2000 years of dynastic rule.</li>
+</ul>"
+NtfIBYr?7e Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What became of the National Alliance after the founding of the Republic? Sun Yat-sen's National Alliance was reformed as the <em>Nationalist Party</em>, or <em>Guomindang</em>, or <em>Kuomintang (KMT)</em>
+mx6ps+&niI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What was Sun Yat-sen's most important political slogan? "The <em>Three Principles of the People</em> or <em>san min zhuyi</em>:
+<ul>
+ <li>minzu: nationalism,</li>
+ <li>minquan: democracy, ""people's power"",</li>
+ <li>minsheng: socialism (""people's wellfare/livelihood"").</li>
+</ul>"
+Mmr8P[ye41 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Who won the first elections in China and when? KMT won first elections in 1913, but General Yuan Shi-kai banned the KMT and demanded presidency for himself.
+"y1f#Ue{jJA" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When did Yuan Shikai live and die? Yuan Shikai lived 1859 to 1916.
+"z>?TAH:#lt" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Some facts about Yuan Shikai "<ul>
+ <li>Contributed to Cixi's repression of Hundred Days' Reform,</li>
+ <li>supported constitutional monarchy,</li>
+ <li>forced revolutionaries to elect him as second provisional president in 1913, replacing Sun Yat-sen, Yuan holds position until his death in 1916,</li>
+ <li>""traitor to the republic"": Continued Cixi's New Policy reforms, but established military autocracy instead of constitutional state,</li>
+ <li>had seat of government in Zhongnanhai in imperial city, which is still the seat of government in PRC,</li>
+ <li>1916: tried to establish himself as emperor in a restored imperial system (and failed).</li>
+</ul>"
+by5kcu2SQ0 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What were major changes in everyday life in the 1910s and 1920s in China? "<ul>
+ <li>Adoption of Gregorian calendar alongside traditional lunisolar calendar,</li>
+ <li>Beijing dialect becomes pronounciation standard,</li>
+ <li>Yuan Shikai promotes ""civilized behavior"": handshake instead of kowtow, no farting/blowing nose/spitting in public, forced cutting of queues, western clothing styles.</li>
+</ul>"
+r]0N(5/?70 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What new fashion styles emerged in the early ROC? "<ul>
+ <li>Qipao for women, modelled after Manchu Banner men's robe (qi), initially worn loose, later redesigned to fit more tightly (Shanghai 1930s fashion)</li>
+ <li>Sun Yat-sen's suit or <em>Zhongshan zhuang</em> for men: modelled after Japanese student uniforms, popularized by Mao</li>
+</ul>"
+Q-]53zSG-R Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Which flag was used by the ROC in 1912 and until when was it used? "<img alt=""Staatsflagge der Republik China 1912–1928 (Fünf-Farben-Flagge, 五色旗, wǔsèqí)"" src=""2880px-Flag_of_China_(1912–1928).svg.png"">
+<p>
+The five-coloured flag or <em>Wu se qi</em> (五⾊旗) was adopted 1912 January 12<sup>th</sup> and was used until 1928.
+</p>"
+Pk}1Zto?_l Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Which flag was used in the ROC from 1928 and until when was it used? "<img alt=""undefined"" src=""2880px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png"">
+<p>
+ Introduced 1928 and used until 1949, incorporates the KMT symbol, the white sun.
+</p>"
+m-*CrU<yT/ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When was foot binding practiced in China? Upper-class women since the Song (960–1279), later lower classes too with some notable exceptions (Manchu did not practice it at all). It was banned in 1912, but only abolished after 1949.
+=Id/*&1)K Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How long are Lotus shoes? Ca. 11cm
+e;=ex>^>FJ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Why footbinding? "Practice increasingly opposed by reformist thinkers since the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, but some of the goals of footbinding have been:
+<ul>
+ <li>Erotic appeal,</li>
+ <li>to signify womanly virtue,</li>
+ <li>to limit women's movement,</li>
+ <li>to limit women's social mobility,</li>
+ <li>to more easily confine women to ""inner chambers"".</li>
+</ul>"
+KP=DdB)glI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What was the outcome of World War I for China? Japan was allowed to keep the German concessions in Shandong that it had occuppied.
+MZ_b/)@AFC Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 The thing with demands shortly after World War I? "Japan issues the <em>Twenty-one Demands</em>, signed by Yuan Shikai in 1915 May 25<sup>th</sup>, including special economic privileges and Japanese personnel and police on Chinese soil. It lead to popular protests and anti-Japanese Boycotts and made the day the ""National Humiliation Day""."
+"GT#hsG;-d:" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What happened after Yuan Shikai died? A brief failed attempt to restore Puyi on the throne, then China is divided into zones of military influence.
+IieuS]$.Cs Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When was the Warlord Era? 1917–1927
+Jm_BJ,G+H) Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What is a warlord? "A <em>warlord</em> or <em>junfa</em> is ""a commander of a personal army, ruling or
+seeking to rule territory, acting more or less independently"" (James Sheridan)"
+Md_pHEZ{+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Rana Mitter quote about 1920s China? """Warlordism from within, imperialism from without"""
+G+Vu9y!Ss_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the New Culture Movement? The <em>New Culture movement</em> or <em>xin wenhua yundong</em> starts in 1917 in westernized universities with the aim of linguistic and social reform. The idea was to invent a new <em>national culture</em> or <em>minzu wenhua</em> and to import philosophical and political ideas from Europe and Japan.
+LNUCMu*giD Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What ideas were popularized by the New Culture Movement? "<ul>
+ <li>Science,</li>
+ <li>Democracy,</li>
+ <li>Rule of law,</li>
+ <li>Civil rights, including for women,</li>
+ <li><em>The Woman Question</em> or <em>funü wenti</em>.</li>
+ <li>Iconoclastic spirit,</li>
+ <li>Cosmopolitanism,</li>
+ <li>Westernization,</li>
+ <li>Individualism,</li>
+ <li>Anti-Confucianism,</li>
+ <li>Intellectual Patriotism / Chinese Renaissance.</li>
+</ul>"
+qGn;29I5bM Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did the New Culture Movement criticize about Confucianism? "Seen as unsuited to modernization of the nation:
+<ul>
+ <li>patriarchy,</li>
+ <li>social hierarchies,</li>
+ <li>strict rituals,</li>
+ <li>filial piety,</li>
+ <li>moderation,</li>
+ <li>loyalty to authority.</li>
+</ul>"
+o|]@(Y,KxK Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Key points about literary reform in the New Culture Movement? "<ul>
+ <li>Literature (esp. fiction) as means to arouse social awareness</li>
+ <li>Attacks on old literati/Confucian notions of culture and learning
+ </li><li>Introduction of vernacular (baihua) in education and standardization of “national language”
+(guoyu)
+ </li><li>Calls for reform of Chinese script.
+</li></ul>"
+y`yDNdzo5{ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What is <em>New Youth</em>? The flagship magazine of the New Culture Movement. Also known as <em>La Jeunesse</em> or <em>Xin qingnian</em>. Existed 1915–1926, founded in Shanghai by Chen Duxiu, later moved to Beijing.
+k7MMH7Yf%o Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did <em>New Youth</em> promote? "<ul>
+ <li>Science
+ </li><li>Democracy
+ </li><li>Modernity (Westernization)
+ </li><li>Gender equality
+ </li><li>Women emancipation (education)
+ </li><li>Free love (against arranged marriages)
+ </li><li>Individualism, self-realization
+ </li><li>Vernacular language/literature instead of
+classical/literary Chinese
+ </li><li>Marxism (after 1917 Russian Revolution)
+</li></ul>"
+ii*r_],QKN Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did <em>New Youth</em> critique? "<ul>
+ <li>Tradition, Confucianism
+ </li><li>Patriarchal ethics (family) and society
+ </li><li>Literary language (wenyan) as “dead” language,
+unsuited for modern nation-building.
+</li></ul>"
+xr67-S/b6, Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the name of the co-founder and first CCP General Secretary? The founder and editor of <em>New Youth</em>, <em>Chen Duxiu</em>.
+F<5fyEhe(< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 "What's ""A Call to Youth""?" "The first editorial in New Youth by Chen Duxiu. It calls on a ""strong, new youth"" to rise against the ""old and rotten air that fills society"". Critiques the confucian gentleman."
+z4o_:LZ,L< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 "In ""A Call to Youth"", which gentlemen are invoked to save China?" "Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy are said to be the only gentlemen that can ""save China from the political, moral, academic, and intellectual darkness in which it finds itself"".<br>德先⽣ (德谟克拉西) Mr. “De” (Demokelaxi)<br>赛先⽣ (赛因斯) Mr. “Sai” (Saiyinsi)"
+Ce,FKolkNG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's Hu Shi's slogan on language? "“Speak in the language of the time in
+which you live!”"
+rTrq*A5>E3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 "Eight literary guidelines in ""A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform""?" "<ol>
+ <li>Write with substance,
+ </li><li>Do not imitate the ancients,
+ </li><li>Emphasize grammar,
+ </li><li>Reject melancholy,
+ </li><li>Eliminate old clichés,
+ </li><li>Do not use allusions,
+ </li><li>Do not use couplets and parallelisms,
+ </li><li>Do not avoid popular expressions or popular forms of characters.
+</li></ol>"
+oUa&K<MA[U Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What was in the Special issue of New Youth, vol 4, issue 6? "<ul>
+ <li>Issue was on Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (1818–1906),</li>
+ <li>Hu Shi's essay ""Ibsenism"",</li>
+ <li>other plays on social problems by Ibsen (core texts of ""Ibsenism"", says Hu Shi).</li>
+</ul>"
+iA$D<bV//4 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 """Ibsenism"": the problem with family?" "According to Hu Shi's essay ""Ibsenism"" family:
+<ul>
+ <li>is unbearable,</li>
+ <li>is oppressive,</li>
+ <li>has ""four major evils"":</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>selfishness,</li>
+ <li>dependence/slavery,</li>
+ <li>false morality,</li>
+ <li>cowardice,</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>being a tranditional wife makes Nora a ""slave"" and a ""plaything"" (hypocrisy of marriage).</li>
+</ul>"
+g4Xw$dt:9q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 """Ibsenism"": the thing with forces?" "Hu Shi's essay ""Ibsenism"" points out ""Three social forces"":
+<ul>
+ <li>law,</li>
+ <li>religion,</li>
+ <li>morality/ethics.</li>
+</ul>
+
+Hu Shi critiques morality as ""stale old social habits"", e.g.:
+<ul>
+ <li>marriage customs: ""free marriage"" is immoral, but concubinage is not,</li>
+ <li>superstitions: matchmaking, horoscopes.</li>
+</ul>"
+E.Yd8[xT4; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 """Ibsenism"": Where on the individualism-collectivism-spectrum is the essay?" "For the relationship of individual to society in Hu Shi's essay ""Ibsenism"":
+<ul>
+ <li>Pursuit of individualism, independence, individual freedom,</li>
+ <li>Development of independent personality based on free will and sense of responsibility (e.g. Nora),</li>
+ <li>Reform of family and society (in China, society based on patriarchal family) and pursuit of individualism are at the
+core of Ibsenism (for Hu Shi).</li>
+</ul>"
+Of?IuSvpwy Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What was the emerging female model in the New Culture movement? "The <em>New Woman</em> or <em>xin nüxing</em>, as an expression of Chinese modernity:
+<ul>
+ <li>Ibsen's Nora as the archetype: educated, independent, capable, relevant quotes:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>""Don't be a man's plaything"",</li>
+ <li>""recognizing one's individuality"",</li>
+ <li>""women are human"",</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>New Woman as a model for Chinese women (and men) escapging arranged marriages (a.k.a free love, free choice).</li>
+</ul>"
+IBm~0;OB<F Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 "Was there a cultural response to ""A Doll's House"" besides Hu Shi's essay?" "<em>Nora Craze</em> or <em>Noraism</em> in the 1920s and 1930s, inspiring drama, literature and cinema, examples:
+<ul>
+ <li>Hu Shi: The Main Event in Life (1919),</li>
+ <li>Ouyang Yuqian, Bai Wei, Tian Han: Chinese Noras in plays,</li>
+ <li>Wu Yonggang, Cai Chusheng: films,</li>
+ <li>Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Ba Jin and others: novels (incl. fictional characters reading the play),</li>
+ <li>Trope of ""walking out"" becomes common, often adapted to China, i.e. walking out on the patriarchal family, so the focus is often on generational conflict instead of the gender question.</li>
+</ul>"
+Cfs;?.5d:f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 During the New Culture Movement, what was the political catchphrase associated with gender equality efforts? "<em>The woman question</em> or <em>funü wenti</em>, also translated as <em>woman problem</em>.<br>
+<em>Funü</em>: kinswoman; the collective of all women in patrilineal family."
+JveiHfILSQ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did May Fourth intellectuals point out as problematic regarding the situation of women? "Against traditional notions of gender that relegate women to the domestic sphere:
+<ul>
+ <li><em>nei-wai</em>: (lit. inside-outside; domestic sphere vs. public sphere),</li>
+ <li>spatial and functional distinctions (men belong to <em>wai</em> and women to <em>nei</em>),</li>
+ <li>rules of propriety,</li>
+ <li>Three Obediences (to father, husband, son),</li>
+ <li>foot binding,</li>
+ <li>concubinage,</li>
+ <li>chastity cults,</li>
+ <li>using women as commodity of exchange in marriage system,</li>
+ <li>female illiteracy,</li>
+ <li>exclusion of women from social and professional engagement.</li>
+</ul>"
+Lbk[xoYaA| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What ideas did May Fourth intellectuals have regarding the advancement of women? "<ul>
+ <li>Equality in marriage, marriage freedom,</li>
+ <li>supporting (urban) women's access to modern education, as well as professional and social engagement,</li>
+ <li>fighting Chinese cultural taboos against female literacy (Confucianism: ""Lacking literary talent is the virtue of women""),</li>
+ <li>fighting association of women with <em>virtue</em> or <em>de</em> and of men with <em>talent</em> or <em>cai</em>.</li>
+</ul>"
+"Gm.V#%S|bE" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Catchy phrase by Yu Dafu about women's suffering? Yu Dafu, “The Cypress Vine Trip”: “The root of your suffering is to be found in my own inability to right the wrongs that society had done me”
+imaNQ0h:=` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How did new ideas about literature and women spread in the New Culture movement? Many literary journals were founded after <em>New Youth</em> and a popular press developed in Shanghai. There were also women's magazines and pictorials, such as <em>The Ladies' Journal</em> (1915–1937).
+O2kvR9JV`) Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What were popular topics in the journals of <em>New Youth</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>Public forum for “modern ideas”,</li>
+ <li>translations of western fiction,</li>
+ <li>reports from travellers abroad,</li>
+ <li>philosophical-political discussions.</li>
+</ul>"
+mJgA]1^?/l Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did C.T. Hsia have to say on <em>New Literature</em>? <ul><li>”What distinguishes this modern phase of Chinese literature is its obsessive concern with China as a nation afflicted with a spiritual disease and therefore unable to strengthen itself or change its set ways of inhumanity. […] The Chinese writer sees the conditions of China as peculiarly Chinese and not applicable elsewhere.”</li><li>study of modern Chinese literature is burdened with China’s modern history or an “obsession with China.”</li></ul>
+DjM5m9H>Vz Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Name representative writers of <em>New Literature</em>. <ul><li>Lu Xun,</li><li>Mao Dun,</li><li>Yu Dafu,</li><li>Ba Jin,</li><li>Ding Ling,</li><li>Guo Moruo,</li><li>Tian Han,</li><li>Xu Zhimo.</li></ul>
+vMc-}l>q3k Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Where and in which year did the May Fourth Movement start? 1919, May 4<sup>th</sup>, in Beijing.
+k$V3HswPDu Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How was China involved in World War I? "150,000 Chinese laborers were recruited by Britain and France to support the war effort against Germany: ""Chinese Labor Corps""."
+L&RYe[(=h@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When and where was the Peace Conference after World War I? 1919, in Paris.
+c%_I6d_JeK Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How did the Paris Peace Conference play out for China? The <em>Treaty of Versailles</em> leaves the former German protectorate of Shandong in Japanese control instead of returning it to China.
+"D;~ePSVz7#" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How did Chinese react to the Treaty of Versailles? With a feeling of betrayal and national humiliation by foreign imperialist powers. Popular outrage expressed in student demonstrations in Beijing on 1919, May 4<sup>th</sup>.
+rgSL@kd)oQ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How did the <em>May Fourth </em>and <em>New Culture</em> movements relate to each other? May Fourth Movement upholds the New Culture Movement’s ideals of political, social, and educational reform for the purposes of <em>cultural enlightenment</em> and <em>national salvation</em>.
+JkhgdT+r1v Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the Chinese name for the <em>May Fourth Movement</em>? wu si yundong
+hrbSXeaYcr Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Apart from demonstrations, how did Chinese people protest the <em>Shandong Problem</em>? Pamphlets called for boycott of Japanese goods. They also burned Japanese goods.
+"toP%.`#v``" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How is the <em>May Fourth Movement</em> viewed in China after 1949? "As part of the Chinese ""revolutionary history"". There is also a monument commemorating it on Tiananmen Square:<br>
+<img src=""20231208_10h13m38s_grim.png"">"
+GS5hdI$8B> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When and where was the CCP founded? 1921 in the Shanghai French Concession.
+o)!;k.z.z% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How many delegates were present for the founding of the CCP? Who was notably absent? "<em>13</em> delegates were present, including Mao Zedong, who worked at Beijing University Library at the time.<br>
+Notably absent were <em>Li Dazhao</em> (CCP founder, University librarian), and <em>Chen Duxiu</em> (first Party General Secretary)."
+DgqRH_k:@Q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 As what is Lu Xun revered? "Lu Xun is revered as ""the father of modern Chinese literature""."
+E;-/Q[_,Y8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When and where was <em>Lu Xun</em> born, when did he die? Lu Xun (<em>1881</em>–<em>1936</em>) was born in <em>Shaoxing, Zhejiang</em> as Zhou Shuren.
+lTl[]t/[h9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the story of how Lu Xun turned to literature? As a medical student in Japan, Lu Xun watches a newsreel of a Chinese man being beheaded during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), with an apathetic Chinese crowd watching. The story is that this made him turn to literature.
+jR;thChil7 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Did Lu Xun have important siblings? Yes, his brother <em>Zhou Zuoren</em> was another famous writer of the <em>May Fourth Movement</em> and a contributor to <em>New Youth</em> magazine.
+h}_@Nx6Mhn Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did Lu Xun publish besides his original fiction? "Translations of foreign works from Japanese into English.<br>
+(The slides also mention that he knew English and German, but sounds like he only professionally translated from Japanese)"
+x-?{x&c7<Z Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How did Lu Xun like to frame his mission? "As a <em>literary physician</em> aiming to heal China's <em>spiritual problems</em>.<br>
+Side factoid: Ba Jin also refers to himself as an incompetent doctor in a preface to a book, I think it was to <em>Jia</em>, but don't quote me on that."
+l9yakvzOdm Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Did Lu Xun contribute to a magazine? Yes, he was invited in 1917 to contribute to <em>New Youth</em>, but was intially reluctant.
+yZRl28C(Uf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Lu Xun crafted a famous metaphor on the state of China. What is it? "<p>
+ Lu Xun proposed the <em>Iron House Mataphor</em> in the preface of <em>Call to Arms</em> in 1923:
+</p>
+<p>
+ “Imagine an iron house: without windows or doors, utterly indestructible, and full of sound sleepers –
+all about to suffocate to death. Let them die in their sleep, and they will feel nothing. Is it right to cry
+out, to rouse the light sleepers among them, causing them inconsolable agony before they die?”
+</p>
+<p>
+ “But even if we succeed to wake only a few, there is still hope – the hope that the iron house may one
+day be destroyed.”
+</p>"
+ixuwJ.M/vO Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When did Lu Xun first adopt his pen name? Lu Xun calls himself that for the first time in 1918 when he publishes the short story <em>Diary of a Madman</em> or <em>Kuangren riji</em> in <em>New Youth</em>. This was before the <em>May Fourth Movement</em>. The story makes him a leading figure of the movement.
+"p7|M#8>)+." Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the name and year of a collection of important early works of Lu Xun that were all published in <em>New Youth</em>? <em>Call to Arms</em> or <em>Nahan</em> (1923)
+Op^X[;{N26 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What was Lu Xun's main literary style/genre? Realism.
+vGsumg{e_I Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What are some main themes of Lu Xun's writing? "<ul>
+ <li>Anti-authoritarianism,</li>
+ <li>anti-traditionalism,</li>
+ <li>satires of traditional Chinese (patriarchal) society,</li>
+ <li>Confucian ethics and dogmas,</li>
+ <li>critique of social apathy, “national character” (<em>guomin xing</em>),</li>
+ <li>motif of the loner vs. the crowd.</li>
+</ul>"
+Gq4?7o(qj2 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Describe the short story that made Lu Xun a leading figure of the <em>New Culture Movement</em>. "The <em>Diary of a Madman</em> is a short story first published in <em>New Youth</em> in 1918, making Lu Xun a leading figure of the movement. Some key aspects of the story:
+<ul>
+ <li>“Found text”, discovery of a diary by the “mad” brother (the titular “madman”) of the young man who finds it,</li>
+ <li>Chinese civilization depicted as cannibalistic: discovery of cannibalistic messages (“eat people”) written between the lines of Confucian texts = China has been “eating” her young generations throughout history,</li>
+ <li>Cannibalism = metaphor expressing New Culture Movement's critique of traditional society and culture and Confucian ethics, which suppress innovation, individualism, and new ideas to perpetuate old values,</li>
+ <li>Famous ending: “Perhaps there are still children who have not eaten men? Save the children…”, became slogan in Social Movements,</li>
+ <li>madman = new, enlightened man,</li>
+ <li>but eventually he “recovers” and becomes an official: Defeat? Victory of the ”crowd”?</li>
+</ul>"
+N*1,$^y`[J Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 "Describe the story ""Medicine""." "<ul>
+ <li>Published in New Youth in 1919,</li>
+ <li>Death of a boy from Hua family and of a young revolutionary from Xia family. The boy’s tuberculosis was supposed to be “cured” by a bun soaked in the blood of the dead revolutionary,</li>
+ <li>Buried next to each other: their combined surnames, engraved on the tombstones, read “Huaxia”, a traditional name for China,</li>
+ <li>Both represent future of China and both victims of old system: reactionary politics and superstition,</li>
+ <li>Both deaths signify death of China, unless it rejects reactionary and old-fashioned values.</li>
+</ul>"
+"ghcP1q}Q#X" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Describe “The True Story of Ah Q”. "<ul>
+ <li>Novella,</li>
+ <li>published serially between 1921 and 1922 in <em>Beijing Morning News</em>,</li>
+ <li>Written entirely in vernacular Chinese, spoken language,</li>
+ <li>Set at the end of the Qīng Dynasty,</li>
+ <li>Allegory of failure of the 1911 revolution,</li>
+ <li>Parody of traditional culture and attitudes.</li>
+</ul>"
+N+1a]NTL.p Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Describe the character traits of <em>Ah Q</em> and in broad strokes how the story plays out for him. "<ul>
+ <li>Chinese anti-hero, Chinese everyman</li>
+ <li>Obsession with “saving face” (mianzi)</li>
+ <li>Subservient to the powerful and bully with the weak</li>
+ <li>Self-deception, self-delusion, defeat as mental victory, moral superiority</li>
+ <li>Embodiment of worst aspects of “national character” (guomin xing): in denial of his true situation, ignorant, superstitious, opportunistic, coward, but also a victim,</li>
+ <li>Barred from the revolution (which he first condemns but then wants to join as he thinks it will succeed),</li>
+ <li>Eventually executed when the revolution fails although he is innocent (scapegoat),</li>
+ <li>“The grand finale”: spectacle of public execution in front of a crowd of onlookers (voyeurism, passivity
+and cruelty of the crowd).</li>
+</ul>"
+lp/RbJM;h/ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did <em>The True Story of Ah Q</em> critique? "<ul>
+ <li>traditionalism,</li>
+ <li>revolutionaries who prioritize ideology and personal ambitions over the fate of the nation,</li>
+ <li>sexism, e.g. when Ah Q tries to rape a nun and then wants to marry her.</li>
+</ul>"
+DPr%aDI)9c Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 In <em>The True Story of Ah Q</em>, what is the attitude towards Westernization? Ambiguous. Seen in parody of the village elite (Mr Zhao) and character of “Imitation Foreign Devil”, a returned student who shows off in Western clothing and manners.
+kYhx6xUwgY Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What kind of a name is <em>Ah Q</em>? "<p>
+ A made-up one, using the latin letter also in the Chinese original: <em>阿Q</em>.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Chinese character 阿: Used in transliterations of foreign terms or as a sign of endearment
+</p>
+<p>
+ Latin letter Q:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>Looks like a head with a Manchu queue,</li>
+ <li>Suggests anonymity, China-West interaction.</li>
+</ul>"
+N=(Xj!7P$b Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What did Lu Xun contribute to the <em>New Woman</em> debate? "One important thing was “What Happens after Nora Leaves Home?”:
+<ul>
+ <li>delivered in Beijing Women’s Normal College in 1923,</li>
+ <li>Activist students had recently (and controversially) staged Nora, based on A Doll’s House (1879)
+by Henrik Ibsen,</li>
+ <li>Sceptical voice in the debate: essay questions the May Fourth / New Culture Movement romantic and largely apolitical view of the New Woman, based on Nora,</li>
+ <li>Pragmatic/pessimistic vision: “Dreams are fine, but otherwise money is essential”,</li>
+ <li>Nora cannot survive in a social and political vacuum. Without money, Nora either goes back
+ home or “goes to the bad”: “the crucial thing for Nora is money”,</li>
+ <li>Need for “awakened conscience” = social and political awareness,</li>
+ <li>Advocates equal economic and social rights; economic emancipation and self-sufficiency also needed, in addition to individualism, rebellious character, etc,</li>
+ <li>Need for wider social reform and change in economic system,</li>
+ <li>Basis for later class-based, leftist reimaginations of new Chinese womanhood in the 1930s (e.g. Shanghai “golden age” cinema: New Woman/New Women, 1935).</li>
+</ul>"
+j_g)A^zwP! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Where was Lu Xun on the political left-right spectrum? "<ul>
+ <li>growing interest in Marxism since mid-1920s,</li>
+ <li>had connections with CCP but never joined,</li>
+ <li>reads and translates Marxist works,</li>
+ <li>promotes proletarian arts and literature,</li>
+ <li>mostly essay writing (polemical, reflective),</li>
+ <li>1930: leader of League of Left-Wing Writers,</li>
+ <li>promotes woodcut movement as medium for proletarian / leftist ideology.</li>
+</ul>"
+B~I>I1$<P+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When and how did Lu Xun die? Lu Xun dies in 1936 of tuberculosis.
+v4pR/Ny..[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When did Ding Ling live? Ding Ling lived 1904–1986.
+"OJ}#DMfo[D" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Name some of Ding Ling's important life events. "<ul>
+ <li>Convention-defying lifestyle in Shanghai,</li>
+ <li>1932: Joins CCP,</li>
+ <li>1936: escapes KMT prison and travels to CCP revolutionary base areas in Yan’an,</li>
+ <li>1949: official posts in PRC literary and cultural organizations,</li>
+ <li>1958: victim of intellectual purge, sent to re-education (internal exile) as a “rightist”,</li>
+ <li>1979: rehabilitated.</li>
+</ul>"
+y;1R*!=o.8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Who wrote <em>Miss Sophia's Diary</em>, when and where was it first published? <em>Ding Ling</em> published <em>Miss Sophia's Diary</em> in <em>Fiction Monthly</em> magazine in 1928.
+eDD`$%Yw]* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What kind of language does <em>Miss Sophie's Diary</em> use? <em>Ding Ling</em> writes <em>Miss Sophie's Diary</em> in <em>modern vernacular Chinese</em> (colloquial/modern).
+C]dIt[:29` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Who is the protagonist of <em>Miss Sophie's Diary</em> named after? Sophia Perovskaya, Russian revolutionary who coordinated assassination of Tsar Alexander II.
+"E#^F38em^g" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Style-wise, how did the writing in <em>Miss Sophia's Diary</em> compare to other <em>women's writing</em> in the period? "Reflects characteristics of other <em>women's writing</em> of the period:
+<ul>
+ <li>autobiographical or semi-autobiographical,</li>
+ <li>personal,</li>
+ <li>intimate self-examination,</li>
+ <li>exploration of female subjectivity.</li>
+</ul>
+But some themes were shocking for the time:
+<ul>
+ <li>sexual desire,</li>
+ <li>bisexuality,</li>
+ <li>premarital sex.</li>
+</ul>"
+jd:^@;LBbW Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How does <em>Miss Sophie's Diary</em> fit into the broader discourse on women in China? "<ul>
+ <li>Sophia torn between two men, one Westernized (from Singapore, who is mean to her) and one
+Chinese (who is kind to her, and she despises),</li>
+ <li>Representative of May Fourth tension between Chinese and foreign cultures, ambiguity toward
+Westernization,</li>
+ <li>like China, Sophia finds that neither tradition nor Westernization respond to her needs,</li>
+ <li>like China, Sophia is doomed (she is dying of tuberculosis), i.e. China not ready for emancipated, individualist, and progressive women (Cf. Bonnie McDougall’s concept of “disappearing women”
+in May Fourth literature),</li>
+ <li>May Fourth themes of modernity, nationalism, and revolution from a gendered and personal
+ perspective,</li>
+ <li>Story reflects rise of modern urban culture of cosmopolitan and Westernized cities like Shanghai.</li>
+</ul>"
+c:6QgVd7Qj Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How would you describe 1920s Shanghai? How did Mu Shiying call it? "<p>
+Shanghai: centre of urban culture, wealth, modernity, decadent lifestyles.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Mu Shiying:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>“Paris of the East”,</li>
+ <li>“the most cosmopolitan city in the world”,</li>
+ <li>“a heaven built on hell”.</li>
+</ul>"
+M`bQh~[@<= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 You are stranded on an island, and you can take the collected works of just one author with you, who do you pick? Obviously <em>Ding Ling</em>.
+pcHa):J6-$ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What are some of the shortcomings of male intellectuals of May Fourth culture with regard to the <em>woman question</em>? "For instance:
+<ul>
+ <li>Male intellectuals championed equality, education, modernization, and freedom for women,
+but did not envision a political role for them,</li>
+ <li>Political/intellectual leadership still dominated by men,</li>
+ <li>Women secondary or instrumental to issues of nation and class (woman as trope, symbol,
+allegory for the nation, male intellectuals’ anxieties).</li>
+</ul>
+Ding Ling reflects on this in her own work."
+wiWNGOKL^r Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Name some important women writers of the Republican era. "<ul>
+ <li>Bai Wei (1894-1987),</li>
+ <li>Bing Xin (1900-1999),</li>
+ <li>Ling Shuhua (1900-1990),</li>
+ <li>Lin Huiyin (1904-1955, also important architect, first female arch. in modern China),</li>
+ <li>Ding Ling (1904–1986),<br></li>
+ <li>Yang Jiang (1911-2016),</li>
+ <li>Xiao Hong (1911-1942),</li>
+ <li>Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang) (1920-1995).</li>
+</ul>"
+G)9>LU5jR- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 When was Mao Dun born and under which name? When did he die? Mao Dun lived <em>1896–1981</em> and was born <em>Shen Yanbing</em> in Zhejiang.
+wOMS^}qEq- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's up with the name <em>Mao Dun</em>? Mao Dun (茅盾) is a <em>pen name</em>, and it's homophonous with <em>“contradiction”</em>, ⽭盾.
+3IiMHF)l* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What made Mao Dun a notable person? "Some important things:
+<ul>
+ <li>His cultural output:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Novelist,</li>
+ <li>literary and cultural critic,</li>
+ <li>translator (e.g. at Shanghai Commercial Press),</li>
+ <li>chief editor (Fiction Monthly, People's Literature),</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>being a key figure in the New Culture Movement,</li>
+ <li>being close to Lu Xun,</li>
+ <li>co-founding <em>The Literary Association</em> or <em>Wenxue yanjiu hui</em> in Beijing,</li>
+ <li>joining the CCP 1921 in Shanghai,</li>
+ <li>participating in Northern Expedition in 1926,</li>
+ <li>being Minister of Culture 1949-1965.</li>
+</ul>"
+ud*fqWr8r; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 How is the style of Mao Dun's writing called? Did he promote other writers that used that style? "Mao Dun was a promoter of European realism and naturalism, especially:
+<ul>
+ <li>Zola,</li>
+ <li>Balzac,</li>
+ <li>Flaubert,</li>
+ <li>Chekhov,</li>
+ <li>Tolstoy.</li>
+</ul>
+Mao Dun himself wrote in a realist style, sometimes called revolutionary realism."
+yH-0<Q&Uof Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What are some important points in Mao Dun's biography, with years? "<ul>
+ <li>1913: starts studying at Peking University,</li>
+ <li>1916: Shanghai Commercial Press (English editor and translator, editorials),</li>
+ <li>1920–23: Chief Editor of pioneering literary journal Short Story/Fiction Monthly (Xiaoshuo yuebao),</li>
+ <li>1921: Joins the CCP,</li>
+ <li>1926: Participates in Northern Expedition,</li>
+ <li>1930: joins League of Left-Wing Writers,</li>
+ <li>1949–1965: PRC Minister of Culture, chief editor of main literary journal People’s Literature (Renmin wenxue),</li>
+ <li>1981: dies.</li>
+</ul>
+Some other facts that are not in the slides but good to know:<br>
+Mao Dun was denounced and dismissed from his position in 1964. The 1965 end year given above is used in the slides and several other sources, I'm not sure how he could still be minister after being dismissed? Anyway he was rehabilitated later (unsure about the year), and even held political positions again after that. There is also a Mao Dun Literature Prize."
+pEKAg1f4>] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What does it mean to say that Mao Dun was interested in contradictions? "Mao Dun had an interest in contemporary social reality and exposure of social problems and “contradictions”:
+<ul>
+ <li>left-wing ideology,</li>
+ <li>critique of capitalism,</li>
+ <li>imperialism,</li>
+ <li>social and gender injustice.</li>
+</ul>"
+weg$9BGbaK Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Give three key works of Mao Dun, with years and key topics. "<ul>
+ <li>Novella: Eclipse (trilogy, 1927-28); about experiences and disillusionment of intellectuals in the Northern Expedition</li>
+ <li>Novel: Rainbow (1930), challenges of modern women in 1920s Shanghai, example of his interest in “new women” and engagement with “woman question”, gender discourse (inequality, patriarchy),</li>
+ <li>Novel: Midnight (1933): life of capitalists in the modern, cosmopolitan metropolis, Shanghai; expression of leftist ideas.</li>
+</ul>" <
+oPNfDild8e Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Give two Mao Dun short stories that were made into films. "<ul>
+ <li>Spring Silkworms (1932 story; 1933 film),</li>
+ <li>The Lin Family Shop (1932 story; 1959).</li>
+</ul>" <
+OA[B-.LNpt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Under which name, when and where was Ba Jin born, when did he die? Ba Jin lived 1904–2005 and was born Li Yaotang / Li Feigan in Chengdu, Sichuan. <
+GjI1/aA%a+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's up with the name Ba Jin? Pseudonym Ba Jin (adopted late 20s) from first and last characters of transcriptions of Russian anarchists Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin. <
+J0^b4DEIYG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What are some important works of Ba Jin? "Short stories:
+<ul>
+ <li>1931: Dog,</li>
+ <li>1934: The General.</li>
+</ul>
+Novels:
+<ul>
+ <li>""Torrents"":</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>1933: The Family,</li>
+ <li>1938: Spring,</li>
+ <li>1940: Autumn,</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>1947: Bitter Cold Nights</li>
+</ul>" <
+uOJDHwY^*3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the author and plot of <em>Spring Silkworms</em>? "<em>Spring Silkworms</em> is a 1932 short story by Mao Dun adapted to film in 1933.<br>
+Summary on slides:
+<ul>
+ <li>Story of Old Tong Bao, a silkworm farmer, and his family,</li>
+ <li>they struggle to produce a successful silkworm harvest,</li>
+ <li>Old Tong Bao is a type:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Totality: shows the inevitable links between this family and the wider nation, economy and world,</li>
+ <li>Transition: narrates the struggle between old traditions and historical realities, new technologies, new economic situation,</li>
+ <li>Contradiction: Family struggles to adapt.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>" <
+L)C[v1R;S6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's <em>The Family</em>? A novel by <em>Ba Jin</em>, published serially 1931–1932. It reflects the struggles within his own family and highlights the need for social change. Two sequels followed later: Spring (1938) and Autumn (1940), making it the <em>Torrents</em> or <em>Turbulent Stream</em> trilogy. <
+q=,wOpYMu! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Describe the plot of Ba Jins <em>Family</em>. "<ul>
+ <li>Gao family, traditional household,</li>
+ <li>Three brothers under authority of old family patriarch (grandfather),</li>
+ <li>Social convention, family obligation,</li>
+ <li>Confucian values, ethics, and rituals as instruments of oppression and control,</li>
+ <li>Younger brother (main character) Gao Juehui partly autobiographical, leaves family and moves to Shanghai,</li>
+ <li>Middle brother Gao Juemin flees the patriarchal household to avoid arranged marriage, then succeeds in marrying the woman he loves (cousin),</li>
+ <li>Elder brother Gao Juexin victim of system, suffers huge personal tragedy due to inability to resist.</li>
+</ul>" <
+BIq-BtND_} Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the aim of <em>The Family</em>? Encouragement to young people to stand up to family obligations and traditional social system. <
+q@|-%Qwo4X Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Tell me about <em>Ba Jin</em> and the <em>Cultural Revolution</em>. "<ul>
+ <li>Ba Jin persecuted during Cultural Revolution: works banned, wife died for refusal of medical treatment,</li>
+ <li>Loved and well-respected public figure after rehabilitation,</li>
+ <li>Noted for outspoken public criticism of the CR (collective responsibility),</li>
+ <li>Call for establishment of a CR museum,</li>
+ <li>Collection Random Thoughts (Suixiang lu), 1978-1986 (memoir, autobiographical reflections, many on the Cultural Revolution, including his own role in it).</li>
+</ul>" <
+K}UTMY?ICh Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the First United Front, and when? In 1923, KMT (under Sun Yat-sen) and CCP ally to reunify China. <
+Jn,?&pjE)i Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 There is another important date in May for the early ROC, what is it? "1925: May 30<sup>th</sup> Incident in Shanghai:
+<ul>
+ <li>labour dispute,</li>
+ <li>Japanese guard kills Chinese worker in Japanese factory,</li>
+ <li>British police fires on protesters, 9 dead, several wounded,</li>
+ <li>nationwide anti-foreign demonstrations.</li>
+</ul>" <
+PJ5^]Q7U:w Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What happens in 1925? "<ul>
+ <li>May 30<sup>th</sup> Incident,</li>
+ <li>Sun Yat-sen dies of cancer at age 58, resulting in a succession struggle between Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei.</li>
+</ul>" <
+Qs!oD4h&Jp Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What's the name of Chiang Kai-shek in Standard Chinese? 蒋介石, Jiǎng Jièshí <
+AbQy]KCmW2 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 Who was Sun Yat-sens wife, who did she side with in the KMT succession struggle? "<p>
+ Sun's widow is called <em>Soong Ching-ling</em> (or <em>Song Qingling</em>) and she lived 1893–1981. She supports <em>Wang Jingwei</em> in the succession struggle and later sides with the CCP.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Soong Ching-ling opposed about Chiang Kai-shek:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>right-wing politics,</li>
+ <li>extreme anti-Communism,</li>
+ <li>alliance with conservative bankers and industrialists.</li>
+</ul>" <
+h5@m9^mRV8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 KMT succession struggle after Sun Yat-sen's death: who comes out on top and who was the opponent? Chiang Kai-shek takes control of the KMT against his opponent Wang Jingwei. <
+pY]eyOCAHB Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::2. Early ROC to 1927 What does Chiang Kai-shek do after taking control of the KMT? "<ul>
+ <li>1926: leads the Northern Expedition (beifa, 1926-1928) against the warlords (KMT and CCP armies),</li>
+ <li>1927: turns against his CCP allies, start of extreme anti-Communist violence, execution of unioninsts and (suspected) Communist sympathizers in Shanghai Massacre (12 April 1927) and “White Terror” (April to December 1927),</li>
+ <li>1927 December: Marries Soong Ching-ling’s younger sister, Soong Mei-ling (1898–2003),</li>
+ <li>Wealthy magnate H. H. Kung (1881–1967, husband of elder sister Soong Ai-ling (1888–1973) becomes Chiang’s finance minister,</li>
+ <li>Chiang becomes Generalissimo of the Nationalist Army, chair of the KMT’s Central Executive Committee, head of government in new capital Nanjing (1927), marking the start of the <em>Nanjing Decade</em>.</li>
+</ul>" <
+u@YFMZ_,]r Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Nanjing Decade? 1927–1937 <
+dYd:pQSl^T Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How is The Nanjing Decade described on a slide? "The Nanjing Decade (1927-1937):
+<ul>
+ <li>Implementation of Chiang Kai-shek’s ideas of centralized
+state and modern military,</li>
+ <li>Fascist culture:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>strong state and strong military,</li>
+ <li>KMT Blue Shirts, paramilitary organization modelled on the Italian Black Shirts and German Brown Shirts.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+NXOo1o](f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What were areas of progress during the Nanjing Decade? <ul><br> <li>Strengthening of China’s political independence,</li><br> <li>International visibility and recognition,</li><br> <li>Continuing reform of education system,</li><br> <li>Continuing emancipation of women (although limited to main cities):</li><br> <ul><br> <li>abolition of foot binding,</li><br> <li>practice of taking concubines becomes less common,</li></ul><br> <li>Economic development (Nanjing-Shanghai-Yangtze Delta region), commerce, infrastructure</li><br></ul>
+G.rUfwnmW_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who was China's power couple of the Republican era? Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling
+D%f`jM+Q^< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Some years in Soong Mei-lings life? "<ul>
+ <li>1927: Married Chiang Kai-shek,</li>
+ <li>1949: moves to Taiwan after CCP takeover of mainland, she becomes First Lady and her husband president,</li>
+ <li>1975: Her husband dies in Taipei,</li>
+ <li>2003: She dies in NYC at age 105.</li>
+</ul>"
+kbzgkrI+!m Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who are the Soong Sisters? "Family background:
+<ul>
+ <li>Daughters of banker-industrialist Charlie Soong,</li>
+ <li>Methodist family,</li>
+ <li>US elite education.</li>
+</ul>
+The sisters:
+<ul>
+ <li>Eldest: Ai-ling (Song Ailing), married to K.K. Kong, China’s richest man and later ROC finance minister under Chiang government,</li>
+ <li>Middle: Ching-ling (Song Qingling), “The Mother of the Nation”, wife of Sun Yat-sen,</li>
+ <li>Youngest: Mei-ling (Song Meiling), ""Madame Chiang"", wife of Chiang Kai-shek,</li>
+</ul>
+Mao Zedong: “One loved money, one loved power, one loved her country”: ⼀个爱钱、⼀个爱权、⼀个爱国"
+CFBeFx6Zjx Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 "Which of the Soong sisters is considered China's ""Ambassador"" to the US?" "Song Meiling:
+<ul>
+ <li>1943 February 18<sup>th</sup>: First Chinese citizen and only the second woman in history to address the US Congress,</li>
+ <li>Spends 8 months in US to gather support for China in the war effort against Japan,</li>
+ <li>1975 emigrates from Taiwan to the USA after death of her husband; died there in 2003, aged 105.</li>
+</ul>"
+ggL|7g7avL Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How would you describe the political situation in 1930s China? "<ul>
+ <li>Warlords allied with the KMT recognized the ROC but still controlled large parts of the country,</li>
+ <li>ROC government: corrupt, links to organized crime (e.g. control of opium; elimination of political opponents),</li>
+ <li>1931: Japanese invasion of North-Eastern China (Manchuria),</li>
+ <li>May Fourth / New Culture intellectuals still active; many influenced by Marxism and underground CCP in the cities; radicalized by KMT’s violence, corruption, elitism, and reluctance to fight the
+Japanese,</li>
+ <li>The CCP controlled areas in the countryside.</li>
+</ul>"
+v/a%hs$]uP Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What happened in terms of Japanese aggression in the early 1930s? "<ul>
+ <li>1931: The “9.18” incident: Manchuria occupied,</li>
+ <li>1932: The “1.28” incident: Shanghai bombed (first bombing of civilian population in history),</li>
+ <li>Manchuria becomes Manchukuo (Manzhouguo), “puppet state” under Emperor Puyi (the last Qing Emperor),</li>
+ <li>Chiang neglects the Japanese invasion (“superficial wound”) to focus on violent elimination of Communists (“cancer”).</li>
+</ul>"
+oA&,+!m/&v Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What were the Communists up to in the early 1930s? "<ul>
+ <li>Communist Soviets (“revolutionary base areas”) = rural areas controlled by CCP, e.g. Jiangxi Soviet, est. 1930,</li>
+ <li>Land Reform: mass mobilization (“struggle sessions”) of peasants against landlords (“enemies of the people”),</li>
+ <li>Violent means but seen as force of change (unlike widespread perception of KMT as violent and corrupt).</li>
+</ul>"
+E$tj5wp7yC Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What did Mao Zedong have to say about the nature of revolution in 1927? Mao Zedong, 1927: “A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.”
+ru3g|iGDO@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What was the year and idea of the <em>New Life Movement</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>The New Life Movement (Xin shenghuo yundong) was launched by Chiang in a 1934 speech: ""Essentials of the New Life Movement"",</li>
+ <li>Aims: discipline, order, hygiene, social cohesion, national unity, collective interest, obedience, manners (e.g. no cursing, spitting, urinating in public),</li>
+ <li>“new and rational life” against vulgarity and lack of spirit of Chinese people (according to Chiang),</li>
+ <li>“promotion of a regular life guided by the four virtues"",</li>
+ <li>Health of the people reflects the health of the nation,</li>
+ <li>overseen by Song Meiling,</li>
+ <li>enforced by Blue Shirts.</li>
+</ul>"
+jjV:yQ;vFo Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What are the <em>four virtues</em>? "An idea of regular life that was promoted with the <em>New Life Movement</em>:
+<ul>
+ <li>li (ritual or decorum),</li>
+ <li>yi (rightness or duty),</li>
+ <li>lian (integrity or honesty),</li>
+ <li>and chi (sense of shame).</li>
+</ul>
+One of the goals of the virtues was a mor military-minded people."
+K%-p@R(n(& Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How big of a success was the <em>New Life Movement</em>? The impact was weak, even in the cities. Seen as out of touch with precarious conditions of most of the population.
+EAur50-mwQ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How did Linda Jaivin, James Carter and Frederick Wakeman succinctly describe the <em>New Life Movement</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>Linda Jaivin: “quaint blend of New Testament Christianity, Confucian rectitude, authoritarianism, and Emily Post–style etiquette” (Chiang was a Christian)</li>
+ <li>James Carter: “weird mix of Christianity, Confucianism, and Fascism”</li>
+<li>Frederick Wakeman: “Confucian Fascism”</li>
+</ul>"
+k87LQIl.Xk Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What are some slogans from New Life political posters? "<ul>
+ <li>A residence should be tidy,</li>
+ <li>Do not visit prostitutes or gamble, do not smoke or drink to excess,</li>
+ <li>Eating should be clean,</li>
+ <li>Everyone should receive military training,</li>
+ <li>Everyone should receive citizen education,</li>
+ <li>Maintain orderliness,</li>
+ <li>Don't smoke or eat while walking, and say sorry if you bump into someone on the street,</li>
+ <li>Remember to line up when buying tickets, boarding ships or leaving public places,</li>
+ <li>Eat with dignity,</li>
+ <li>Don't curse or fight and keep you rvoice down when at the tea house.</li>
+</ul>"
+r+c+X0uc3Z Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Name two movies that picked up tropes of the <em>New Life Movement</em>. "<ul>
+ <li>Queen of Sports (Sun Yu, 1934),</li>
+ <li>The Goddess (Wu Yonggang, 1934).</li>
+</ul>"
+ok67knOB[M Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 When was the Long March? 1934–1935
+"z]$#XOpCq3" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 When was the <em>Xi'an Incident</em>? 1936
+"w#|.k$7x9(" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 When is Mao Zedong born and what is his family background? Born in 1893 to a wealthy peasant family in rural Hunan.
+A/n9W;$nrH Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 When does Mao meet other future communists? 1918: Mao moves to Beijing and works at Peking University Library, meets CCP co-founders Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu.
+yXx,]h]l/[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What are the titles, years and main points of two early Essays by Mao that challenged Marxist orthodoxy? "<ul>
+ <li>1926: “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society” – Mao argues that the peasants, as the
+“semiproletariat” of China, will “provide the revolution with its numbers”, opposing CCP orthodox
+(Soviet-influenced) view of urban proletariat as leading force of revolution,</li>
+ <li>1927: “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” – further develops rural-based
+doctrine, optimist toward peasant revolutionary consciousness, violence as necessary to free rural areas
+from oppression.</li>
+</ul>"
+Ab4dNj^4go Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What is the <em>Long March</em>? "CCP military retreat from Jiangxi to Shaanxi (Yan’an):
+<ul>
+ <li>Begins October 1934,</li>
+ <li>358 days,</li>
+ <li>10,000km,</li>
+ <li>11 provinces.</li>
+</ul>
+Significance for Mao Zedong:
+<ul>
+ <li>Jan 1935: Zunyi conference,</li>
+ <li>Marks rise of Mao Zedong as CCP leader,</li>
+ <li>Mao’s “unorthodox” ideas of guerrilla warfare and rural-based revolution prevail over USSR political line.</li>
+</ul>
+October 1935: End of LM (only 10% of Red Army forces left);<br>
+CCP establishes main base in Yan’an
+Long March and Yan’an Years as CCP foundation myth and
+heroic narrative (historical accuracy of details/events disputed)
+"
+Cj1%9LB0R- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What's the significance of <em>Yan'an</em> for the party? "<ul>
+ <li>Leaders and followers live in basic cave dwellings (yaodong) and lead a spartan lifestyle</li>
+ <li>The “Yan’an Spirit”</li>
+ <li>Political and cultural reforms undertaken in Yan’an will set a model for the future PRC</li>
+ <li>Yan’an still seen today as the cradle of the Maoist revolution</li>
+</ul>"
+vu0TZG_W:] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Name two movies with release date about the <em>Long March</em>. "<ul>
+ <li>The Long March, dir. Zhai Junjie, 1996</li>
+ <li>The Warriors, dir. Ning Haiqiang, released in 2016 on 80th anniversary of the Long March</li>
+</ul>"
+GaW<=JK5}f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How did the <em>Second United Front</em> come to be? "<ul>
+ <li>Communists propose the KMT a Second United Front against the Japanese,</li>
+ <li>Chiang Kai-shek refuses, more focused on fighting the Communists than Japan despite popular calls
+and student protests (Beiping/Beijing, 1935) for intervention,</li>
+ <li>“The Japanese are a disease of the skin, but the Communists are a disease of the heart”,</li>
+ <li>Xi’an Incident, December 1936: Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai convince warlord Zhang Xueliang to
+kidnap Chiang in Xi’an with the help of a Nationalist general. Chiang held until he agrees to
+cooperate with the Communists.</li>
+</ul>"
+eUTxg)t`Z* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 When does Japan's full-scale invasion of China begin? 1937 July
+h;@!4}1zF^ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Three Shanghai literary groups of the late 1920s and the 1930s. "<ul>
+ <li>The Creation Society (Chuangzao she),</li>
+ <li>The Sun Society (Taiyang she),</li>
+ <li>The League of Left-wing Writers (Zhongguo zuoyi zuojia lianmeng).</li>
+</ul>"
+ot;8}SnQ-j Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What's the <em>Creation Society</em>? "A literary group in Shanghai.
+<ul>
+ <li>From radical individualism to radical Marxism,</li>
+ <li>From “art for art’s sake” to “art for life’s sake”,</li>
+ <li>Guo Moruo, Cheng Fangwu, Yu Dafu, Tian Han,</li>
+ <li>Cheng Fangwu, “From Literary Revolution to Revolutionary Literature” (1928),</li>
+ <li>Creation Monthly.</li>
+</ul>"
+D=V&*Q|qfC Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What's <em>The Sun Society</em>? A literary group in Shanghai. All CCP members (e.g. Jiang Guangci).
+g=Wu8FOyIO Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What's <em>The League of Left-wing Writers</em> "A Shanghai literary group.
+<ul>
+ <li>1930-1936 led by Lu Xun,</li>
+ <li>promote literature from a Marxist perspective,</li>
+ <li>literature to speak for the proletariat.</li>
+</ul>"
+JMBG7~y]ZP Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How would you describe the literary scene of the Nanjjing Decade? "<ul>
+ <li>Polarized intellectual community: leftists and sympathizers vs. “reactionaries”</li>
+ <li>Questioning ideals of the May Fourth: elitism under scrutiny</li>
+ <li>Questioning role and power of writing</li>
+ <li>Questioning role of bourgeois intellectuals in the revolution</li>
+ <li>Class-based view of revolution replaces culture-based revolution</li>
+ <li>Promotion of leftist/revolutionary literature: concern for the lower classes; critique of causes of
+class oppression; realist orientation</li>
+ <li>Leftists and sympathizers were major force in 1930s and 1940s, but not the only players on the
+ literary scene</li>
+</ul>"
+iJt:NuM_j) Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 How was Shanghai in the Nanjing Decade like? "<ul>
+ <li>Modern metropolis, one of the largest cosmopolitan cities in the world</li>
+ <li>“Paris of the Orient”, “Hollywood of the East”</li>
+ <li>Ruled by mix of colonial and local powers: foreign government institutions and police in the
+International Settlement (British and Americans residents) and French Concession, principle of
+extraterritoriality for their inhabitants</li>
+ <li>Far ahead of the rest of China in industrial infrastructure and material modernity</li>
+ <li>Domestic and international migrants</li>
+ <li>New lifestyles, new cultural activities, new forms of artistic expression</li>
+ <li>Centre of avant-garde culture and modernist literary and cinematic experiments</li>
+ <li>Centre of leftist politics: presence of large urban proletariat stimulated labour activism,
+development of Marxist ideas, advocacy of international socialism</li>
+ <li>Popular urban culture</li>
+ <li>Decadence</li>
+</ul>"
+"h,,/9>DM#I" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Examples of popular urban culture in Shanghai of the Nanjing Decade. "<ul>
+ <li>“roaring twenties”,</li>
+ <li>jazz age,</li>
+ <li>commercial culture,</li>
+ <li>Hollywood films,</li>
+ <li>dancehalls,</li>
+ <li>literary salons,</li>
+ <li>bars,</li>
+ <li>clubs,</li>
+ <li>theatres,</li>
+ <li>popular literature,</li>
+ <li>magazines.</li>
+</ul>"
+Qg)36v%v.$ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Examples of decadence in Shanghai of the Nanjing Decade. "<ul>
+ <li>prostitution,</li>
+ <li>drugs,</li>
+ <li>gambling,</li>
+ <li>illegal joints,</li>
+ <li>criminal organizations and mobsters,</li>
+ <li>symbol of decadent and exotic “Orient” in the West.</li>
+</ul>"
+H!cUw`@@;9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Gender, modernity, and Shanghai? "<ul>
+ <li>Modern woman – modern city (moral polarities)</li>
+ <li>Woman – Nation (gendered nation)</li>
+ <li>Leo Ou-fan Lee: “the display of the female body [in China] had
+become part of a new public discourse related to modernity in
+everyday life.”</li>
+ <li>Images of stars as “modern girls” “consumed” in/through popular
+culture (e.g. advertising, magazines, pictorials)</li>
+ <li>Media exploitation of stars’ private lives (and deaths)</li>
+</ul>"
+G^_=Q}|4]F Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What are the <em>New Sensationists</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>The New Sensationists (Xin ganjue pai) are a group of experimental writers in Shanghai in the late 1920s to mid 1930s</li>
+ <li>Gathered around journal Les Contemporains (Xiandai), published 1932-35, ed. Shi
+Zhecun, apolitical position</li>
+ <li>Depiction of urban life and psychological activities of people leading a modern
+lifestyle</li>
+</ul>"
+sG0-Uz|N+f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Name four members of the <em>New Sensationists</em> "<ul>
+ <li>Liu Na’ou (1905-1940)</li>
+ <li>Shi Zhecun (1905-2003)</li>
+ <li>Mu Shiying (1912-1940)</li>
+ <li>Dai Wangshu (1905-1950)</li>
+</ul>"
+zD<N;O[H_L Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who is Liu Na'ou? "Liu Na’ou (1905-1940):<br>
+• A New Sensationist<br>• born in Taiwan, educated in Japan<br>• translator of Japanese Shinkankakuha literature (main inspiration for Xin ganjue pai)<br>• precursor of modernist literature in China<br>• assassinated in 1940 (probably by KMT for collaborating with Wang Shiwei regime)"
+kL~S0;+3L@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who is Shi Zhecun (1905-2003)? Shi Zhecun (1905-2003):<br>• A New Sensationist<br>• Influenced by psychoanalysis<br>• Studied French literature<br>• 1937: gives up creative writing, turns to academic research (classical literature)<br>• 1950s-1980s: literary works banned<br>• 1980s: rediscovery
+Bax|d(Jxp] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who is Mu Shiying (1912-1940) Mu Shiying (1912-1940):<br>• A New Sensationist<br>• depictions of nightlife, jazz culture<br>• stopped modernist writing mid-30s<br>• assassinated in Shanghai a few months before Liu Na’ou (same reason)
+qRvKx^ozr1 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who is Dai Wangshu? • A New Sensationist<br>• A modernist poet
+L-:iNK@N)G Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What's special about Modernist narration? • Unreliable, “neurotic” narrators<br>• Stream of consciousness, fragmentation, surrealism<br>• Influence of Freudian psychoanalysis (obsession, repressed desires)<br>• Alternative understanding of reality and ”truth” (vs. dominant realism)<br>• Influence of popular urban culture, e.g. music (jazz) and cinema (Hollywood) on their writing (rhythm,<br>characterization)<br>• Ambivalence toward the city and urban life (excitement/anxiety)<br>• Emphasis on the senses, sensorial approach to modern city life<br>• Smells, sounds, sights etc of the city<br>• Search for “language that could account for the new sensations of modernity” (Shih Shu-mei)
+"idCdNu7Z*#" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>One Evening in the Rainy Season</em> “One Evening in the Rainy Season”, Shi Zhecun (1929):<br><ul><li>A flâneur in Shanghai: a man strolling on city streets</li><li>Setting the scene: rainy day, dusk, sensorium of the city</li><li>Chance encounter with woman whom he accompanies home</li><li>Interior monologue and stream of consciousness</li><li>Not much plot, but state of mind (fantasies, sexual desire, guilt, imaginary projections > Shih Shu-mei:</li><li>“urban eroticism”)</li><li>Description of urban environment</li><li>Observing the city but detached from its imposed rhythms</li><li>Observing others for amusement</li><li>City (and woman) as both attractive and repulsive<br></li><li>Anxiety of inter-subjective lack of understanding; the unintelligible woman</li><li>The unattainable woman</li><li>Problematic relationship between the urban male and female subjects</li><li>Nervous condition of male protagonists</li><li>Economic condition: “the emasculated urban man without money” (Shih Shu-mei)</li><li>Use of punctuation: no quotation marks in the original: blurring boundaries between psychological space and reality<br></li></ul>
+BBV[f$VfN> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>Five in a Nightclub</em> “Five in a Nightclub”, Mu Shiying:<br><ul><li>Ambivalence toward the city: Shanghai, “heaven built on hell”</li><li>fast urban rhythm, hectic life in the city (cars, crowds, neon lights, revolving doors)</li><li>Opens with five flashbacks focusing on each character, then turns to the evening of the same day at a nightclub</li><li>“The world of Saturday night is a cartoon globe spinning on the axis of jazz”; jazz = time</li><li>Characters’ inability to catch up with time (fast pace of the metropolis) and to act at the right moment (“seconds crawled like ants over his heart”)</li></ul>
+O@QcU?|EfH Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>Shanghai Foxtrot</em>. <ul><li>Decadent urban life, dance clubs, cabarets</li><li>Materialistic/immoral human relationships</li><li>Fragmentary visual images</li><li>Blurred boundaries between reality and illusion</li><li>Parallel editing (film technique applied to fiction writing): multiple scenes that happen on the same night in different locations in Shanghai</li><li>Repitition</li></ul>
+F0mD:p0.J6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Who is Cao Yu? Cao Yu (1910-1996)<br><ul><li>An author</li><li>Pseudonym of Wan Jiabao</li><li>Grew up in Tianjin</li><li>Attended prestigious Nankai Middle School (also attended by future CCP leader Zhou Enlai)</li><li>1928 Played female roles in school</li></ul>
+Ad>sDEF9Z} Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What are the main works of <em>Cao Yu</em>, with years? <ul><li>Thunderstorm, 1934</li><li>Sunrise, 1936</li><li>Wilderness, 1937</li><li>Metamorphosis, 1940</li><li>Peking Man, 1941</li><li>Family, 1942 (adaptation of Ba Jin Novel)</li><li>Bright Skies, 1954</li><li>Wang Zhaojun, 1978</li></ul>
+sEE?WgsG0g Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What is chracteristic about Cao Yus literature and theatre? "<ul><li>Long, intricate plots, ""novelistic"",</li><li>Large number of charaters, with complicated relationships,</li><li>Poetic language, especially in his stage directions,</li><li>Recurring focal points/themes:</li>
+<ul>
+ <li>Ills and oppression of both traditional and modern societies,</li><li>Gender dynamics, especially under patriarchy,</li><li>Juxtaposition of ""primitive"" elements of humanity and human emotions with the ""civilized"",</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Influence of Western classics such as <em>Hippolytus</em> and <em>Phedre</em>, as well as playwrights such as:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Henrik Ibsen,</li><li>Anton Chekhov,</li><li>Eugene O'Neill.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+qUb/ehyqzx Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 What is considered Cao Yu's masterpiece? His first play <em>Thunderstorm</em> (Leiyu, 1934)
+}c5g,]rh0 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>Thunderstorm</em>. <em>Thunderstorm</em> is considered Cao Yu's masterpiece:<br><ul><li>Cao Yu’s first play, completed when he was at Tsinghua University (24 years old)</li><li>Published in Literary Quarterly in 1934</li><li>Thunderstorm and two other plays in the so-called “trilogy” – Sunrise (1936) and The Wilderness (1937) – mark the maturity of European-style realist spoken drama (huaju) in the 1930s (Chen Xiaomei)</li><li>“Thunderstorm heralded the arrival of Chinese spoken drama’s golden period, in which the best of Western drama was melded with compelling Chinese situations and characters” (Chen Xiaomei)</li><li>Cao Yu performed in the 1936 premiere in Nanjing</li><li>Prologue and Epilogue as “chorus” and distancing devices</li><li>Three unites of time, space, action (Aristotle, Greek tragedy)</li><li>Compared to Henrik Ibsen’s Ghosts: love triangles, incest, family secrets, references to natural elements, etc.</li><li>Compared to classic Greek tragedies such as Euripides’s Hyppolitus and Racine’s Phedre (1677) (stepmother-<br>stepson incest); Medea<br></li><li>Traditional (Confucian, patriarchal) Chinese family</li><li>New women</li><li>Romantic love</li><li>Fate (Greek tragedy)</li><li>Incest (Greek tragedy / Ibsen)</li><li>Retribution</li><li>Significance of natural / weather symbolism; fury of nature (“force of nature”; “cosmic cruelty”)</li><li>Thunderstorm as agent of justice, purification (of sins), destruction (of the old society)</li><li>“Will of heaven”, symbol of guilt of the family and of “purifying water”</li><li>Theme of oppression, continuous references to oppressively hot weather (closed windows; intention yet impossibility to leave – Lu Xun’s “iron house”?; patriarchal oppression)<br></li></ul>
+QRK]fuAMQ% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>Sunrise</em> <em>Sunrise</em>, 1936, is a play by Cao Yu:<br><ul><li>tragic story of student turned courtesan Chen Bailu,</li><li>reaction to high-profile suicides of actresses in Shanghai, esp. case of Ruan Lingyu,</li><li>themes of moral decline of modern individual against corrupt society,</li><li>women as victims of society,</li><li>feminism.</li></ul>
+h-rWeh>i(H Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>The Wilderness</em>. <ul><li>The Wilderness, 1937 is a play by Cao Yu</li><li>only work set in the countryside, peasant’s revenge against family of landlord</li><li>Expressionist motives (nightmares, hallucinations)</li><li>Themes of fate, “cosmic cruelty” (= Thunderstorm),</li><li>female oppression, suicide (= Sunrise).</li></ul>
+Ay6fy7)9v; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>Peking Man</em>. <ul><li>is a play by Cao Yu</li><li>set in Beijing in the 1930s</li><li>Intricate family relationships</li><li>Unhappy / arranged / oppressive marriages</li><li>Decline of scholar-official family stuck in traditional society</li><li>Debts, opium addiction</li><li>Unwillingness to change</li><li>“Chekhovian” + echoes of Dream of the Red Chamber and Ba Jin’s The Family</li><li>Theme of primitivism (vs corrupt civilization) in reference to the “Peking man” (excavated in 1928)</li></ul>
+LMxBm?C}h! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::3. Nanjing Decade 1927–37 Describe <em>Family</em> (not the novel). Family, 1942, is a play by Cao Yu:<br><ul><li>Adaptation of Ba Jin’s novel (1933)</li><li>Exploration of generational conflict</li><li>Crisis of traditional values</li><li>Theme of free love</li><li>Patriarchal family as “prison” (May Fourth theme)</li></ul>
+g[[y:``Wio Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How is the confrontation between China in Japan during World War II called? One of:<br><ul><li><em>The Second Sino-Japanese War,</em></li><li>the <em>War of Resistance against Japan</em> (kang Ri zhanzheng),</li><li>the <em>Eight-year War of Resistance,</em></li><li>in revised PRC textbooks <em>14-Year War of Resistance</em> (starting from invasion of Manchuria, but resistance actually started later with United Front in 1936).</li></ul>
+An)L%!MHH: Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan When was The Second Sino-Japanese War? 1937 July 7<sup>th</sup>–1945 September 9<sup>th</sup>
+dG=LONo]~f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Give a timeline for the <em>Second Sino-Japanese War</em>. "<ul><br> <li>1931 (before the actual war): Japanese Invasion of Manchuria</li><li>1937 July 7<sup>th</sup>: Marco Polo Bridge Incident marks beginning of war</li><li>1937 August 3<sup>rd</sup>: Battle of Beijing (a.k.a Beiping at the time)</li><li>1937 August: beginning of Shanghai’s “Orphan Island” period (1937-41), under Japanese control except International Settlement and French Concession<sup>1</sup></li><li>1937 October 26<sup>th</sup>: Battle of Shanghai<sup>1</sup></li><li>1937 December 1<sup>st</sup>–13<sup>th</sup>: Battle of Nanjing</li><li>1937 December 13<sup>th</sup>–1938 January 31<sup>st</sup>: The Nanjing Massacre (aka The Rape of Nanking, Nanjing da<br>tusha)</li><li>1938 October 25<sup>th</sup>: fall of military HQ in Wuhan</li><li>1938: Chongqing air raids begin</li><li>1940: Japanese puppet government in Nanjing under Wang Jinwei: Reorganized National Goverment</li><li>1941: US involvement in the conflict</li><li>1942–1943: Henan famine</li><li>1945: Japan surrenders</li><br></ul><div><sup>1</sup> Apparently the ""Orphan Island"" period begins before the Battle of Shanghai. I'm guessing Shanghai was in blockade in August, but the battle had not yet broke out, or the October date from the earlier slide gives the end date.</div>"
+nr^mQMNOtP Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan What's to say about the legacy of the <em>Second Sino-Japanese War</em>? <ul><li>War history still an open wound in Sino-Japanese relations</li><li>War historiography and memorialization still contested</li><li>Significant gap between history of the war and social/collective memory of the war both in China and in Japan</li><li>One key issue of contention is the Nanjing Massacre of 1937</li></ul>
+Qnv$[NCD.? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan What is <em>The Nanjing Massacre</em> and when? <ul><li>Before: KMT government moved to Chongqing in November, leaving Nanjing defenseless</li><li>1937 December 13<sup>th</sup>: Japanese Imperial Army takes Nanjing</li><li>1937 December 13<sup>th</sup>–1938 January 31<sup>st</sup> (6 weeks): Mass killings of unarmed civilians and prisoners of war, crimes of mass rape, mutilation, torture, looting, arson</li><li>Number of victims (contested) ranges from 40,000 to over 300,000 (Chinese estimate)</li></ul>
+"fP#VA:xqk." Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How many people are victims of <em>The Nanjing Massacre</em>? Number of victims (contested) ranges from 40,000 to over 300,000 (Chinese estimate).
+DJVVy{T$L% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How was the Nanjing Massacre remembered in China during the Mao era? Mao era (1949-1976):<br><ul><li>Nanjing massacre not discussed publicly</li><li>Emphasis on official narrative of CCP-led victory in the war against Japan (when China was ruled by the Nationalists) and civil war that followed (1945-49)</li><li>Massacre perceived as shameful, sign of national weakness</li><li>PRC interest in rebuilding relations with Japan (1972: re-establishment of diplomatic relations)</li></ul>
+q=f]K/;CJj Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How was the Nanjing Massacre remembered in China during the Reform era? Reform Era (post-Mao):<br><ul><li>official memorialization begins in the early 1980s (also) as a result of rise of Japanese nationalism and revisionism (e.g. rewriting of textbooks since 1982 and denialist publications by right-wing historians)</li><li>Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall inaugurated in 1985</li><li>ongoing “history question” and “memory wars”</li><li>Role of popular culture and media in (re)construction and circulation of historical memory (films, novels, comics/graphic novels, TV series, music)</li></ul>
+xveC;8RwFo Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan There is a controversial book about <em>Nanjing Massacre</em> from the late 1990s. Which is it? <ul><li>1997 bestseller The Rape of Nanking by US-born Chinese journalist Iris Chang (1968-2004) revives international attention toward Japanese war crimes in China</li><li>Chang (controversially) describes Nanjing massacre as “the forgotten Holocaust of World War II”</li><li>Divided reception: international acclaim vs. accusations of bias, exaggeration, inaccurate scholarship (e.g. historian Ezra Vogel)</li><li>Despite its faults, Chang’s book has inspired films, plays, and documentaries</li><li>Uses diaries of <em>John Rabe</em> and <em>Minnie Vautrin</em> while researching for the book</li></ul>
+PoXgqt,=A1 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Where did civilians in Nanjing try to find refuge and who tried to help them? In the <em>International Safety Zone</em>, formed by foreigners. It was a demilitarized area (est. 1937 November; dismantled 1938 February)<br>200,000+ refugees sheltered
+o-uyu0FH<V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Who led the <em>International Safety Zone</em>? "The <em>Safety Zone International Committee</em>. Slides give the following two members:
+<ul>
+ <li>John Rabe</li>
+ <li>Minnie Vautrin and assistant Tsen Shui-fang</li>
+</ul>"
+B{Z{O<(zU` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Who is John Rabe? Under what names is he revered? "John Rabe was:<br><ul><li>a German businessman (Siemens),</li><li>chairman of the Safety Zone.</li></ul>He has been called:<br><ul><li>""The Good Nazi""</li><li>""Schindler of Nanjing""</li><li>""Good Man of Nanjing""</li><li>""Living Buddha""</li></ul><div>In 1938 “Rabe was preparing to return to Germany with photographs and videos of the Nanking Massacre. He intended to convince Hitler to rise up in defense of the Chinese and go to war against the Japanese aggressors. Hitler, however, took the massacre as a laudable display of Japanese strength”<br></div>"
+v=v57nsvsN Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Who is Minnie Vautrin? Under what names is she revered? "Minnie Vautrin was a US missionary and had an assistant Tsen Shui-Fang (Cheng Ruifang), they were both active in the <em>Safety Zone International Committee</em> and sheltered 10,000 women in Ginling College.
+<br>She has been called:<br><ul><li>“Goddess of Mercy”</li><li>“American Goddess”</li></ul>"
+cD@:-p_.Gf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Who is John Magee? John Magee was a US missionary:<br><ul><li>Produced photographic and video documentation</li><li>Testified at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial in 1946</li><li>His materials also featured in US wartime propaganda film by Frank Capra <em>Why We Fight</em> (Part on “The Battle for China”)</li></ul>
+pR)Xo8EQO= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan For the Massacre of Nanjing, give examples of Memorialization in Literature, Media Popular Culture. <ul><li>Film: Lu Chuan: City of Life and Death (2009)</li><li>Novel: Ye Zhaoyan: Nanjing 1937: A Love Story (1996)</li><li>Novella: Yan Geling: The Flowers of War</li><li>Graphic Novel: Nicolas Meylaender and Zong Kai: Nanking (2011)</li><li>Graphic Novel: Ethan Young: Nanjing: The Burning City (2015)</li><li>Music: Jeff Huang: Nanjing 1937 (2007)</li><li>Music: Exodus: Nanking (2010)</li><li>Music: Black Kirin: Nanking Massacre (2017)</li></ul>
+unN}T5{Zk- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Summarize the war crime site where Japanese did Nazi-like experiments. Unit 731:<br><ul><li>Another infamous site of Japanese war crimes in Harbin (then in “Manchukuo”)</li><li>Imperial Japanese Army unit in charge of secret biological and chemical warfare research</li><li>comparable to Nazi experiments in concentration camps (Josef Mengele)</li><li>Disease injections (anthrax, typhoid), vivisections, biological weapons</li><li>Destruction of evidence in 1945</li><li>US gave immunity to Japanese perpetrators in exchange of access to research data, which they concealed from war trials (BUT condemned Germans as well as Japanese who had carried out similar experiments on US prisoners > accusations of racism (Chinese victims less important than US ones)</li><li>Also subject of films, documentaries, popular music</li></ul>
+CdL{N^`}q[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan In the <em>Second Sino-Japanese War</em>, what happened in 1940? <ul><li>1940: establishment of Japanese puppet Reorganized National Government in Nanjing</li><li>President: Wang Jingwei (1883-1994), once close comrade and almost successor of Sun Yat-sen as KMT leader</li><li>Now remembered in China as notorious collaborators (hanjian; traitor)</li></ul>
+B]1Qpryl/o Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan In the <em>Second Sino-Japanese War</em>, what happened in 1941? 1941 December 8<sup>th</sup>: Japan takes Hong Kong and attacks Pearl Harbour.<br>US enter the war: KMT government joins Allies against Axis powers.
+o9.|;|pXS7 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan In the <em>Second Sino-Japanese War</em>, what happened in 1945? 1945 August 6<sup>th</sup>–9<sup>th</sup>: US nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki<br>1945 September 2<sup>nd</sup>: Japan surrenders<br>Taiwan (Japanese colony since 1895) returned to China
+jHYJY3BSwM Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan What was the new capital after the Japanese surrender? The capital moved back to Nanjing in 1946.
+"dNOnxM#li1" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan What organization played a role in <em>Wartime Writing</em> during <em>The Second Sino-Japanese War</em>? <ul><li><em>All-China Anti-Japanese Resistance Federation of Writers and Artists</em> or <em>All-China Resistance Federation of Writers and Artists</em> or <em>Zhonghua quanguo wenyijie kangdi xiehui</em></li><li>Established in Wuhan in 1938</li><li>Directed by novelist and playwright Lao She</li><li>Patriotic literature (esp. reportage literature)</li><li>Mao Dun, Ding Ling, Ba Jin among main contributors.</li></ul>
+PjI;fs=Bh6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan When did Zhang Ailing live and die? Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang, 1920-1995)
+NTko8VWs5G Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Who was Zhang Ailing? Describe the creative areas she was active in and give a brief biography. <ul><li>Author of novels, short stories, essays, screenplays</li><li>Translator, illustrator, fashion designer, cultural icon</li><li>regarded by some as China’s best modern writer</li><li>member of the wartime literary scene,</li><li>1920: Born in Shanghai to an illustrious family (abusive father, opium addict)</li><li>bilingual education</li><li>1939–1941: University of Hong Kong</li><li>1941: Hong Kong occupied by Japan, returns to Shanghai in 1942</li><li>1943-1944: Publishes short stories and essays on various literary magazines</li><li>Stigmatized for 3-year marriage with Japanese collaborator Hu Lancheng (writer) and apolitical stance of her writing</li><li>1952-1955: Back to Hong Kong, works as translator for US Information Agency</li><li>1955: Moves to US (marries American writer, keeps writing screenplays for HK studios, dies in LA)</li><li>Renewed popularity in HK, Taiwan, and diaspora since late 1960s-1970s (since late 1980s also in PRC)<br></li></ul>
+PVZh9qMtx@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How are romantic relationships depicted in Zhang Ailings work? Known for apolitical and “desolate” depictions of romantic relationships (cangliang; grey and cold, “desolate”) and wartime romances.
+Gp)G:m}d(3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How does Zhang Ailing compare to the New Sensationists? Sensory experience of modern urban life in Shanghai (shared with New Sensationists), but in domestic spaces, private focus.
+E;uQz4pA{F Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How would you describe the characters of <em>Zhang Ailing</em>? petty urbanites (xiao shimin)
+e%&j&2kPL= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan What settings did <em>Zhang Ailing</em> use? 1940s Japanese-occupied Shanghai and Hong Kong, e.g. “Sealed Off”, (aka “Blockade”, 1943), fleeting romance on tram in wartime Shanghai “Love in a Fallen City” (1943)
+g.TcGo^?{X Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan How did Nicole Huang describe the work of Zhang Ailing? "“construction of an alternative narrative of war, one that contradicted the grand narratives of national
+salvation and revolution that dominated the wartime literary scene” (Nicole Huang)"
+B3Fcly}fc@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan What is <em>Love in a Fallen City</em>? Love in a Fallen City (Qingcheng zhi lian, short story, 1943):<ul><li>Set in 1940s Shanghai and Hong Kong (“tale of two cities”)</li><li>Fallen city: Hong Kong in 1941 (Japanese occupation)</li><li>Bai Liusu, divorced woman in Shanghai, shame on family, meets Fan Liuyuan</li><li>Fan moves to HK, she follows, then goes back to SH and back to HK</li><li>Mutual distrust of each other’s “true feelings” and sense of commitment</li><li>Stronger bond through the fall of HK (antithesis love-war, love because of war)</li><li>Romance</li><li>Colonial discourse</li><li>Classical trope of “beauty in turbulent times” (luanshi jiaren)</li><li>Minute descriptions of ordinary details such as colours, clothing</li><li>Recurrent motifs (wall, mirror, moon)<br></li></ul>
+q?ZqAT%Hc* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::4. War against Japan Where does the narrative of <em>Love in a Fallen City</em> develop? "Narrative develops primarily in interior spaces:<br>
+<ul>
+ <li>In Shanghai:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Balcony</li><li>Drawing room</li><li>Bedrooms</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>In Hong Kong:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Repulse Bay Hotel: lobby, rooms, dancing hall</li><li>House on Babington Road</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+"fSv-#M4WU0" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 When were <em>The Yan'an Years</em>? mid-30s to mid-40s
+L%k=IuuB3s Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What is <em>Yan'an</em>? <ul><li>Centre of CCP base area in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region after the Long March</li><li>Yan’an Years: core of CCP foundational mythology</li><li>Many writers, intellectuals, journalists (incl. foreign: Edgar Snow, Agnes Smedley) travel to Yan’an</li><li>“Yan’an Way” / “Yan’an Spirit”: patriotism, egalitarianism, community, simple life</li></ul>
+h4G}JNY~5J Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What are some virtues associated with the <em>Yan’an Spirit</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>patriotism,</li>
+ <li>egalitarianism,</li><li>community,</li><li>simple life</li>
+</ul>"
+&;[}./C?~ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What was the political reality of the <em>Yan'an Spirit</em>? patriarchal and political hierarchies persisted; violence
+p/bnAPs!9M Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 In the peasantry, how did people view the Red Army? How did they view the KMT and warlord armies? CCP/Red Army: still seen as patriotic, righteous, and defender of peasants and better option<br>KMT, warlord armies and rural landlords: corrupt, chaotic, and predatory
+y)iuU=Vy=g Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 Ideologically, what was the impact of the Yan'an Years? Mao’s writings and speeches of the Yan’an Years lay the ideological foundations of Mao Zedong Thought and future PRC.
+"g>E.b#xvwS" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 Where there significant personal developments for Mao in the Yan'an Years? <ul><li>Mao divorces He Zizhen to marry Jiang Qing (formerly Lan Ping, actress in Shanghai)</li><li>CCP leaders ban on Jiang Qing’s involvement in political work and public life for 20 years</li></ul>
+77y*{S[yb Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 There was a significant folk dance in Yan'an cultural politics. Describe it. "yangge (“rice-sprout song”)<br>Traditional folk dance of north rural China<br><br>""The yangge (literally ‘rice-sprout song’) is a popular traditional folk dance performed in the open air in rural north China. It is a performance that combines spirited dance, garish costumes and loud music to form a colorful blend of rhythmic movements. The dance was closely associated with New Year’s rituals and celebrations, intended to dispel evil and ensure a bumper harvest in the coming season. The dance troupe is led by a leader known as santou (Umbrella Head), who holds an umbrella to direct the movement, and consists of a few dozen to more than 100 dancers, with men playing women’s roles. They are accompanied by drums, gongs, cymbals and suona (a shawm-like instrument), and as well as dancing incorporate farcical acts played by clowns and erotic moves.”<br>—Chang-tai Hung, “The Dance of Revolution: Yangge in Beijing in the Early 1950s”, The China Quarterly (2005), 81-99"
+dy<4Lj(SeZ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 Describe Yan'an cultural politics. <ul><li>Lu Xun Academy of Art (music, dance, theatre)</li><li>Yang’ge, local folk songs and stories adapted to new ideology</li><li>Example: folk opera The White-Haired Girl (Baimao nü) by He Jingzhi and Ding Yi performed in 1945, based on oral folktale that circulated in the area in the early 1940s</li><li>Illustration of ideas on literature and art outlined by Mao in the</li><li>Yan’an Forum of 1942 (next slides)</li><li>Several rewritings and adaptations since late 1940s</li><li>Illustration of changing narratives with changes in CCP politics and ideology</li></ul>
+F<2k`TH!v? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 When was the <em>Yan'an Rectification Movement</em>? The Yan’an Rectification Movement (Zhengfeng yundong; 1942–1944)
+BC;th4JY*v Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What were reasons for the <em>Yan'an Rectification Movement</em>? "<ul>
+ <li>Political dimension:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Power struggle within the Party: “Wang Ming faction” backed by Soviet Union, opposed to Mao’s idea of peasant revolution</li><li>Need to strengthen Party leadership (ideological work)</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Organizational dimension:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Rapid expansion of CCP: membership July 1937 – July 1940, 40,000 – 800,000</li><li>Simplify administration</li><li>Improve Party discipline</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+j;91p+OZ4; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 When and how did the <em>Yan'an Rectification Movement</em> start out? Starts 1942 February: critical/polemical essays flood the Yan’an press:<br>criticism of shortcomings of CCP organization and CCP cadres (privileges, hierarchies, arrogance, gender inequality)
+wK=*tDmtrN Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What was the <em>Literary Opposition</em> during the <em>Yan'an Rectification Movement</em>? <ul><li>assertion of writers’ right to express themselves without fear of political intervention</li><li>assertion of writers as the true guardian of man’s spiritual needs</li></ul><div>Notable members:</div><ul><li>Ding Ling</li><li>Xiao Jun</li><li>Ai Qing (father of Ai Weiwei)</li><li>Wang Shiwei</li></ul>
+e61eA0FHTt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What did Ding Ling reflect about Women's Day? """When will it no longer be necessary to attach special weight to the word 'woman' and to raise it specially?""<br>Ding Ling: “Thoughts on March 8 (Women’s Day)"", Liberation Daily, 1942 March 9<sup>th</sup>"
+Pu,u;J(qrS Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 What happened to the <em>Literary Opposition</em>? <ul><li>Ding Ling labelled as a rightist and sent to “re-education” (hard labour, internal exile),</li><li>Wang Shiwei beheaded in 1947 as CCP evacuated Yan’an during the Civil War with KMT,</li><li>Violence of punishment showed CCP’s “renunciation of the humanistic, cosmopolitan, and individualistic elements of the May Fourth legacy” (Linda Jaivin)</li><li>Model for future “thought reform” campaigns and purges (criticism, self-criticism, “struggle,” confession)</li></ul>
+fWdccz.8f~ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 The gist of Mao’s Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art? "Mao’s Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art (1942):<br><ul><li>Artists and writers as “cultural workers” to live with the masses and draw inspiration from their art</li><li>Art and literature must serve the revolution and the masses (workers, peasants, soldiers; gong nong bing)</li><li>Art and literature are for/by/about the masses</li><li>Mass culture (dazhong wenhua): all cultural works are dedicated to the masses and focus on the representation of their lives and struggles (class struggle)</li><li>Popularization of language and style</li><li>Writer’s depersonalization<br></li></ul><div>Literary taboos:</div><div><ul><li>“Middle characters” who hesitate</li><li>Psychological exploration, individualism, exploration of the self</li><li>Humanism (detracts attention from class relations and struggle)</li><li>Love that did not serve class solidarity; no romantic love, love can only exist as ""class love"". ""We cannot love the enemies""</li><li>Exposure (critical realism); do not expose the shortcomings of the masses; only expose the “dark forces” that endanger the masses</li></ul></div>"
+L{6S^M}UYr Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 How did Mao describe the tension between realism and idealism at the Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art? <ul><li>“…unreservedly and whole-heartedly go among the masses of workers, peasants, and soldiers, go into the heat of the struggle, go to the only source, the broadest and richest source, in order to observe, experience, study, and analyse all the different kinds of people, all the classes, all the masses, all the vivid patterns of life and struggle, all the raw materials of literature and art”</li><li>“Although man's social life is the only source of literature and art and is incomparably livelier and richer in content, the people are not satisfied with life alone and demand literature as well. Why? Because, although both are beautiful, life as reflected in works of literature and art can and ought to be on a higher plane, more intense, more concentrated, more typical, nearer the ideal and therefore more universal than actual everyday life.”</li></ul>
+vitb|e})^{ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 How did Mao frame the role of culture in the closing remarks of the Yan'an Talks? “We must ensure that literature and art fit well into the whole revolutionary machine as a component part, that they operate as powerful weapons for uniting and educating the people and for attacking and destroying the enemy, and that they help the people fight the enemy with one heart and one mind.”
+Vcn1,B|Z) Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 When was <em>The Chinese Civil War</em>? 1945–1949
+m~a~|J2/(% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 How was the Red Army called in the Civil War? The Red Army renames itself the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
+d.H)`MBM*d Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::5. Yanan to 1949 How was the PRC founded? <ul><li>Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949</li><li>Soong Ching-ling (widow of Sun Yat-sen) stands on the Tiananmen Gate rostrum with Mao and other CCP leaders</li><li>December 1949: Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling move to Taiwan to become President and First Lady of the ROC in Taiwan</li><li>Most prominent writers and intellectuals stay in China (Hu Shi goes to Taiwan)</li></ul>
+d31D{hL&A? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 How are the early years of the PRC called and when were they? The Early Years (aka ”The Seventeen Years”) were in 1949-1966.
+B!aV/0[L:* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What's a broad timeline of the early PRC years? <ul><li>1949 “The year of Liberation”; “New China”</li><li>1950–1952 Land Reform</li><li>1953–1957 First Five Year Plan</li><li>1956–1957 Hundred Flowers Campaign</li><li>1957 Anti-Rightist Movement</li><li>1958–1960 Great Leap Forward</li><li>1960 Sino-Soviet Split</li><li>1963–1965 Socialist Education Movement</li><li>1966 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution begins</li></ul>
+G5JGNOWE4U Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What were some early changes in the PRC? <ul><li>Abolition of time-zones established in Republican era > Beijing time</li><li>New national currency: People’s Currency (renminbi) ⼈⺠币 (RMB). Basic unit: yuan (10 jiao, 100 fen)</li><li>New system of government (Soviet model): dual “party-state” leadership: party bureaucracy (general secretary) + state bureaucracy (president/chairman). CCP also controls the Army (PLA)</li><li>New rural organisations, e.g.: peasants associations</li><li>Class division of the population</li></ul>
+o6HYnJ)Cs( Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 In the early PRC years, what changed in terms of economy and welfare? <ul><li>Collectivization of agriculture (land reform; tugai)</li><li>Nationalization and state ownership of industries, banking system, commercial enterprises</li><li>“work unit” (danwei) system</li><li>“iron rice bowl” (tie fan wan): job security, wages, welfare, food, education</li></ul>
+q`XFQZ^i]4 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What's the deal with religion in the early PRC? <ul><li>5 official religions recognized by CCP: Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism</li><li>Regulated by the state, had to be approved by the Religious Affairs Bureau and undertake reform against “feudal” elements</li><li>Popular religion (ancestors worship, local cults, festivals) declared “feudal superstitions”, but no crackdown in early PRC, especially in minority ethnic groups (Tibet, Mongolia, Xinjiang)</li><li>stronger repression starts late 1950s, e.g. confiscation of temple land and graveyards</li></ul>
+GF?A@,rsfJ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Name and describe the political campaign 1950–1951. 1950–1951 had the <em>Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries</em> (zhenfan/zhenya fangeming yundong):<br><ul><li>Hundreds of thousands of executions and over 2 million arrests</li><li>Theatrical mass trials according to conventions of folk operas, where accused appeared as villains</li><li>Targets: KMT members and agents, Japanese collaborators, bandits, religious leaders of millenarian societies</li></ul>
+AtqYIDVR@V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Describe the Land Reform. <div>Land Reform (tugai):</div><ul><li>China in 1949: 89% rural population (total population: 583 million),</li><li>1950 Agrarian Reform Law sanctions the nationwide implementation of land reform,</li><li>confiscation of land from landlords, rich peasants, and capitalists,</li><li>redistribution of land,</li><li>collectivization of agriculture: cooperatives (200-300 households),</li><li>1954-1958: larger cooperatives called the People’s Communes (7000+ households).</li></ul>
+cyRyk*LsBI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What is <em>speaking bitterness</em>? Practice of “speaking bitterness” (suku; denunciation of abuse, exploitation) and exposure of physical marks of “bitterness”, i.e. scars and bruises<br>E.g. The Red Detachment of Women (Xie Jin, 1960), set during land reform on Hainan Island.
+Nq3mx<8+v! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 In the early PRC, describe the relationship to the Soviet Union. China and the Soviet Union:<br><ul><li>1950 Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty</li><li>Sino-Soviet Friendship Association, large membership</li><li>Economic aid</li><li>“Soviet experts” (advisors) to China</li><li>Institutional model for economy and culture</li><li>Soviet culture (films, literature, theatre, art), translations, language classes</li><li>First Five Year Plan 1953-57: Soviet model, emphasis on heavy industry (iron, steel, machinery, roads, infrastructure) and central planning</li></ul>
+Jw+M+<{I+7 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 In the early PRC, when was a Marriage Law instated and what was regulated? "1950 Marriage Law:<br><ul><li>Banning of foot-binding, concubinage, polygamy, matchmaking, arranged/forced marriages, under-age marriages (establishment of age of consent, 20 for men; 18 for women)</li><li>Right to divorce</li><li>Matchmakers still strong in the countryside; free love and marriage worked in the cities</li><li>""the Marriage Law inserted the authority of the new state into the heart of family and community decision-making” (Smith)</li></ul>"
+r9_834A5?u Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Women in the PRC: what changed? <ul><li>Improvement of legal, economic, educational, and social status</li><li>Increase in female employment</li><li>Improvement in healthcare for women and children, reduction of maternal and infant mortality</li><li>but no population control; promotion of contraception only in the 1960s</li><li>Moral puritanism and socialist rhetoric of gender equality:</li><li>“what men can do, women can too”</li><li>“women hold up half the sky”</li><li>“iron girl” model</li><li>But no women in CCP Politburo (afterwards: limited inclusion) (2022 CCP congress, no women in Politburo for 1st time in 25 years)</li><li>Women in lower-skilled, lower paid jobs</li><li>Domestic labour still a woman’s domain</li></ul>
+y$Z|C5r00} Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 "What films are ""Red Classics"" with strong fremale heroines?" <ul><li>Five Golden Flowers (1959)</li><li>Third Sister Liu (1960)</li><li>Li Shuangshuang (1962)</li><li>Stage Sisters (1964)</li></ul><div>New films with strong female heroines who dare to criticize their husbands (protected by Marriage Law!), e.g. Li Shuangshuang: protagonist denounces village men (incl. husband) for corruption (“model socialist woman”)<br><br></div><div>Link woman/nation continues: films featuring female heroines who “convert” to the revolution, usually guided by a man (=CCP). Stage Sisters: rare case of woman not being led by man in becoming model socialist citizen<br></div>
+p/Y{21r991 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Describe Education in the Early PRC. <ul><li>8 out of 10 people considered illiterate (less than 1500 characters) in 1949</li><li>Improvement in education and creation of new public schools</li><li>simplification of writing system and introduction of pinyin romanisation</li><li>“politicization of literacy teaching” (Smith) through slogans, propaganda, study groups</li></ul>
+FF>3vTVo77 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Describe Early PRC Cultural Reform. <ul><li>Mao’s 1942 Yan’an Talks as official guidance for art and literature: production of art and culture that served the masses (workers-peasants-soldiers; gong nong bing)</li><li>Link mass culture-nation-building</li><li>Ban on “feudal” and “capitalist” culture, i.e. “old society entertainers” and commercial entertainment industry of pre-1949 era, dance halls, amusement parks</li><li>Emphasis on folk culture (folk songs, regional operas) and visual culture (theatre, films, posters, woodcuts, cartoons, picture storybooks) to disseminate new ideology</li><li>Mobilization of artists, writers, filmmakers to propagate new CCP ideology and policies</li><li>Use of mobile film projection teams and itinerant performing arts troupes (dissemination)</li></ul>
+bD4]q.Hmd. Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What are new cultural institutions in the early PRC? "<ul><li>Chinese Writer’s Association/Union (Zhongguo zuojia xiehui), controlled by CCP, membership necessary to publish</li><li>Ministry of Culture (Wenhuabu)</li><li>CCP Propaganda Department (now: Publicity Department; Zhongxuanbu; abbreviation of Zhongyang xuanchuan bu)</li><li>Nationalization of publishing and distribution system</li><li>new national network of Xinhua (“New China”) bookstores in control of distribution</li><li>New newspapers, journals, magazines:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>People’s Daily (Renmin ribao)</li><li>Literature and Arts (Wenyi bao)</li><li>People’s Literature (Renmin wenxue)</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+qKS3b91;v^ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What did May Fourth intellectuals do after the founding of the PRC? Most intellectuals of May Fourth / leftist Shanghai background chose to remain in China<br><ul><li>Their background (bourgeois, wealthy) raised suspicion in the CCP but the CCP also needed them</li><li>Many were subjected to “thought reform” (sixiang gaizao) and were taught Marxism-Leninism in the early 1950s</li></ul>3 main groups/choices/directions (Perry Link, The Uses of Literature):<br><ol><li>Those who stopped writing</li><li>Those who turned to translation</li><li>Those who attempted to write according to new orthodoxy of socialist realism</li></ol>
+spN8no|YZE Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What is <em>Socialist Realism</em>? "Socialist Realism (shehuizhuyi xianshi zhuyi):<br><ul><li>Official theory of literary and artistic creation in the Soviet Union since the 1930s</li><li>1953 officially adoption in the PRC with inclusion of the term in revised version of Mao’s Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Didacticism, instructional purpose</li><li>Literature and art instrumental and subordinate to politics and ideology</li><li>No negative aspects of society; emphasis on positive and optimistic outlook and improvements brought by CCP</li><li>Dominance of Marxist, class-based interpretative frameworks</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>Redefined in late-50s China as “combination of revolutionary realism and revolutionary romanticism” (2RR)</li>
+</ul>"
+o/YT|fWJO0 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What are representative literary works of <em>socialist realism</em>? Fiction:<br><ul><li>Ding Ling: The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River, 1951</li><li>Zhao Shuli: Sanliwan, 1955</li><li>Yang Mo: Song of Youth, 1958</li></ul>Drama:<br><ul><li>Lao She: Dragon Beard Ditch (1951)</li><li>Lao She: Teahouse (1957)</li></ul>
+w^cKstxCTs Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 There was a political campaign starting out in 1956: how is it called, and how is the follow-up campaign called? The campaign was the 1956–1957 Hundred Flowers Campaign (baihua yundong) and the follow-up was the Anti-Rightist Campaign (fanyou yundong).
+RetxWS!b[* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What is the <em>Hundred Flowers Campaign</em>? <ul><li>1956: Mao invites criticism of the CCP: “Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools contend”</li><li>(Baihua qifang, baijia zhengming)</li><li>Complaints about hierarchies and privileges, lack of freedom in literary expression, thought reform</li><li>“Who runs the country…the Party or the government?”</li><li>“Which is superior, the Party or the law?”</li><li>Return to May-Fourth-style critical realism</li><li>Taken aback, Mao speaks of “contradictions between ourselves and the internal enemy”<br></li></ul>
+u>:V9b;`Q8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What's the <em>Anti-Rightist Campaign</em>? The response to the criticism uttered in the Hundred Flowers campaign:<br><ul><li>1957: Launches Anti-Rightist Campaign</li><li>against “bourgeois liberalism”</li><li>violent, mass-scale persecution of over 1 million “rightists” and “dissidents” (artists, writers, CCP members),</li><li>hard labour, re-education camps in remote areas,</li><li>Ding Ling (Stalin Prize for literature), chicken farm, rehabilitated 22 years later,</li><li>Hu Feng: 22 years in prison and labour camp,</li><li>Zhang Xianliang: labour camp memoir Grass Soup.</li></ul>
+y,E&E-Y@/| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Who is Lao She? Lao She (1899–1966):<br><ul><li>Pseudonym of Shu Qingchun, Manchu family, father died in Boxer Rebellion</li><li>Prolific author of novels (Mr Ma and Son, Cat Country, Camel Xiangzi/Rickshaw Boy), short stories, plays (Dragon Beard Ditch, Teahouse), essays</li><li>Lived and worked in London (1924–29) and Singapore (1929–30); period in the US (1946–1949)</li></ul>
+pi)bu0RYdV Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What's Teahouse? A play by Lao She:<br><ul><li>Published in 1957 during the Hundred Flowers Campaign</li><li>Staged in Beijing in 1958 between end of Anti-Rightist Campaign (director Jiao Juyin was a target) and beginning of Great Leap Forward</li><li>“Beijing-style” realism</li><li>History of modern China through story of a Beijing teahouse</li><li>”Burying the old eras”</li><li>But falls short of celebrating ”New China”</li><li>Evidence of complexity of literary field despite censorship and official prescription of socialist realism</li><li>Changes in 1958 and again in 1963 due to rapidly changing politics<br></li></ul>
+Hw0QacKA=( Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 When and how did Lao She die? 1966: driven to suicide by persecution, beating, and public humiliation (“bloody August”)
+e<>nclP[%% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 When was the <em>Great Leap Forward</em>? 1958–1960: The Great Leap Forward (da yuejin)
+k]Xt;KxY_* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What was the <em>Great Leap Forward</em>? "<ul><li>A campaign to double agricultural and industrial production.</li><li>Focus on heavy industry and land reclamation projects.</li>
+ </ul>"
+im>.wUt%q* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What are two political slogans used during the Great Leap Forward? <ul><li>“Walking on two legs”</li><li>“Surpass Britain and catch up with the USA”</li></ul>
+jv_V(~A%LF Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What were political measures during the Great Leap Forward? "<ul>
+ <li>Establishment of People’s Communes (renmin gongshe):</li>
+ <ul><li>7,200+ households</li><li>communal working and living</li><li>commune schools (applied learning)</li></ul>
+ <li>Backyard furnaces</li>
+ <li>The ""Four Pests"" Campaign</li>
+</ul>"
+N,fye<U65i Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 How did People's Communes, Backyard Furnaces and the Four Pests Campaign go? Terribly:<br><ul><li>waste of metal: useless, sub-standard iron from backyard furnaces</li><li>waste of grains in the communes</li><li>unrealistic production quotas > falsification of data, local cadres’ confiscation of grains from (starving) farmers</li><li>deforestation, overplanting, ecological imbalance and failing of harvests because of elimination of “four pests”</li></ul><div></div>
+Fs}^YWgXds Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 Despite the unsuccessful campaigns in the Great Leap Forward, what further worsened the situation? <ul><li>withdrawal of Soviet aid and experts in 1959-60 due to Sino-Soviet Split (1960)</li><li>natural disasters</li></ul>
+G>A/-Ws.;s Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 With the political campaigns of the Great Leap forward, how did the situation develop further? • 1958: beginning of rural famine, not reported<br>• Defence Minister Peng Dehuai (PLA general, Long March veteran) warns of “winds of exaggeration”, criticism suppressed<br>• July 1959: Lushan Plenum: Mao labels Peng Dehuai as “counter-revolutionary” (house arrest); Lin Biao (1907–1971) as new Defence Minister<br>• 1959-1961: The Great Chinese Famine (san nian da jihuang)<br>• Reports of cannibalism, at least 30 million dead (over 50 million?), deadliest famine in history, esp. Anhui, Chongqing, Sichuan<br>• Famine also in Tibet, 1959 Tibetan Uprising, Dalai Lama forced to flee to India<br>• 1961–1964: Mao’s withdrawal from active policymaking and new pragmatic leadership: Liu Shaoqi (President) and Deng Xiaoping
+MsV[GbP280 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 How did Liu Shaoqi explain the famine years? “three parts natural disasters, seven parts man-made catastrophe”
+"i#3LEr}qpS" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::6. PRC to 1966 What's the name of the red book and where was it first distributed? <em>Quotations of Chairman Mao</em> is first distributed in the PLA and later becomes a big thing in the personality cult.
+e+`y7KFi$- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution How is the <em>Cultural Revolution</em> called in Chinese and when was it? The <em>Cultural Revolution</em> or <em>Wenhua da geming</em> took place 1966–1976.
+HBK(82<]@X Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution can be divided into phases: what are they and when? "<ul>
+ <li>1964–1966: “prelude”</li>
+ <li>1966<sup>1</sup>–1968: “radical phase”</li>
+ <li>1968–1976: “late-Maoist phase”</li>
+</ul>
+<sup>1</sup> This is when the Cultural Revolution officially starts."
+vN$SBitPQf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What was the prelude to the Cultural Revolution and when? "1964–1966 ""prelude"": tensions within the CCP"
+n+YCbd-L+H Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What is the name and timeframe of the first phase of the Cultural Revolution proper? 1966–1968 “radical phase”:<br><ul><li>most violent and destructive phase</li><li>large-scale mass mobilization</li><li>the Red Guards emerge</li></ul>
+JLYmNb=y)6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What is the name and timeframe of the second phase of the Cultural Revolution proper? 1968–1976 “late-Maoist phase”:<br><ul><li>rise of the “Gang of Four”</li><li>revolutionary culture and underground culture</li><li>China-US rapprochement</li><li>Death of Zhou Enlai</li><li>The April Fifth Movement</li><li>Death of Mao Zedong</li></ul>
+ce5E`zm+^p Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What event kicks off the Cultural Revolution? Starts with 16 May 1966 directive to attack ”bourgeois” and reactionary elements within the party, government, and culture.
+D.Lg9[h@}D Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What are some political slogans of the cultural revolution? Radical iconoclasm:<br><ul><li>“Smash the Old World, Build a New World”</li><li>“Destroy the Four Olds” (Customs, Culture, Habits, Ideas)</li></ul>Extreme violence and social disruption:<br><ul><li>“Revolution is no crime; it is right to rebel” (Mao)</li><li>“Great chaos achieves great order” (Mao)</li><li>“Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits” (niugui sheshen) (Mao, June 1966)<br></li></ul>
+MOlm!CQax3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution When does Mao return to power? 1966 July
+q:/2{VY/,t Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution How does Mao interact with young people in 1966 besides speeches? <ul><li>Swim in the Yangtze river aged 72 (July 1966)</li><li>Writes “big character poster” (dazibao) “Bombard the Headquarters!”</li></ul>
+Gl;0>G+TT> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What inspires the formation of the Red Guards? <ul><li>Mao encourages young people to attack “class enemies” and “revisionists”</li><li>Groups of young people (mostly high school students) organize as Mao’s “Red Guards”</li><li>Several Red Guard rallies at Tiananmen Square (1966 August–September)</li></ul>
+wC0eDRQDwG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What are some of the things the Red Guards did? <ul><li>Extreme violence, vandalism of Red Guard groups across the country</li><li>Attacks on teachers, writers, etc. (“Red Terror, “Bloody August”: almost 2,000 killed or driven to suicide in Beijing in 1966 August–September)</li><li>Mao describes the Revolution he unleashed as an “all-out civil war”</li><li>Fighting each other in rival factions (not all factions violent),</li><li>Semi-anarchy</li></ul>
+b&:SA4uPIY Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution How did the Red Guards end? <ul><li>PLA intervened to stop the semi-anarchy</li><li>1968: Red Guards sent to remote areas for re-education</li></ul>
+EW]_;v(CI9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What's the Chinese Name for Red Guards? Hongweibing
+vx[=qXPY:_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Which famous victim of the Cultural Revolution drowned themselves in a lake? Lao She, shortly after being struggled against.
+G!*%8,O{MG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Which prominent CCP leaders were victims of the Cultural Revolution? <ul><li>Deng Xiaoping and son Deng Pufang</li><li>Liu Shaoqi and wife Wang Guangmei</li></ul>
+"va@#6h`^%[" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What did the Cultural Revolution aim to destroy and how did they try to do that? Destroy the Four Olds (si jiu: old habits, ideas, customs, culture):<br><ul><li>Destruction and vandalism of churches, temples, mosques, religious icons, imperial tombs, Jesuit tombs (e.g. Matteo Ricci), of antiques</li><li>Burning of books</li><li>Attack on traditional arts, e.g. Beijing Opera (jingju)</li><li>Ransacking of private homes</li></ul>
+zw*e!.}SYo Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What are the Four Olds? The Four Olds or si jiu were to be destroyed in the Cultural Revolution:<br><ul><li>old habits,</li><li>ideas,</li><li>customs,</li><li>culture.</li></ul>
+fH+/Aq4WvG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What new movement emerged in the summer of 1968? “Up to the Mountains, Down to the Villages” Movement (shang shan xia xiang):<br><ul><li>Students sent to remote areas</li><li>Known as Educated Youth /Rusticated Youth/Sent Down Youth (zhiqing)</li><li>”lost generation”</li><li>Xi Jinping also ”sent down”; his memoir of those years is now a bestseller</li></ul>
+sxLNo}VVwI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What was the name of Mao's wife and what was her role in the Cultural Revolution? Jiang Qing, the last wife of Mao:<br><ul><li>Takes charge of culture and the arts after 20 years of semi-obscurity from public life</li><li>Oversees the creation of the official culture of the CR, the “revolutionary model works” (yangbanxi)</li></ul>
+vq2F<J9]`7 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Who were the members of the Gang of Four? <ul><li>Jiang Qing,</li><li>Zhang Chunqiao,</li><li>Wang Hongwen,</li><li>Yao Wenyuan.</li></ul>
+OQ(t$X`5<U Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Where does the name <em>Gang of Four</em> come from? "<em>Mao Zedong</em> called them that 1974, warning them not to behave ""like a gang of four""."
+kCRxC=]H:, Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What was Jiang Qing's job in the 1930s? "She was an actress in Shanghai and a ""cover girl""."
+nKX:f^xi4c Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Who died in 1971? 1971: Death of Mao’s successor, Lin Biao, (Vice Party Chairman) and his family in plane crash in Mongolia:<br><ul><li>Accusation (Lin and his son Li Liguo) of coup attempt and plot to kill Mao</li><li>Accident and presumed plot made public a year later</li><li>Many conspiracy theories</li></ul>
+=3waD(>Kg Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution "What's this?<br><img alt=""Review: The Red Detachment of Women | Reviews"" src=""paste-f0f35bd1dfdc4cf8efb3cac66c5638ac5d86179e.jpg"">" This is a <em>Revolutionary Ballet</em> called <em>The Red Detachment of Women</em>. It is one of the <em>Revolutionary Model Works</em>, the creation of which was overseen by <em>Jiang Qing</em> in the <em>Cultural Revolution</em>.
+Q:KqUD$5mY Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What are <em>Revolutionary Model Works</em>? <em>Revolutionary Model Works</em> or <em>yangbanxi</em>:<br><ul><li>Yangbanxi = Model Works/ Dramas/Operas</li><li>Main form of cultural production during the Cultural Revolution</li><li>Eight works officially designated as models in 1967</li><li>5 (revolutionary/reformed) Beijing operas; 2 ballets/dance-dramas, 1 symphony</li><li>“Eight works for eight million people”</li></ul>
+iS5t:{&z0. Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution "Who are these people?<br><img src=""-038.jpg"">" These are characters from <em>Revolutionary Modern Operas</em>. You see the white-haired girl in the front row, second from the left.
+4=UIV9Ujt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution How where the <em>Revolutionary Works</em> used in cultural diplomacy? For example, US president Richard Nixon saw <em>The Red Detachment of Women</em> in 1972 while in China.
+gsnZy[qAa@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Nixon visit China? 1972
+H:[E&Sv:$A Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution When did the PRC take over Taiwan's seat in the UN? 1971
+xU3f^-(zOH Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Regarding China's foreign relations, what changed in 1971? The PRC took over Taiwan's seat in the UN.
+otn288K|A= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What were the results of Nixon's visit to China? Nixon supports the One China Policy.
+DP$2DgY,b= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution "Who is this?<br><img src=""-045.jpg"">" This is the main fiction writer during the CR, <em>Hao Ran</em>.
+w-RL}}m9k% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What is <em>Hao Ran</em>'s economic background? <em>Hao Ran</em> has a peasant background.
+nfdsG$,0;N Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution How many novels were produced during the <em>Cultural Revolution</em>? 126 novels in 10 years.
+EG$5s{)ov> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What is <em>Hao Ran</em>s representative work, or at least the only one that is mentioned on the slides? Novel: The Golden Road (jinguang dadao), 1972–1974:<br><ul><li>Set during Land Reform/rural collectivization of early 1950s</li><li>Protagonist: CCP Secretary Gao Daquan (pro-collectivization) vs. conservative/corrupt village head Zhang Jinfa (pro-family farming)</li></ul>
+C-&yVf0X*6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Types of writing during the Cultural Revolution: What was new, including new designations for unwanted works? "<ul><li>“Poisonous Weeds” da ducao (= problematic works)</li><li>“Big Character Posters” dazibao:<br><img src=""-047.jpg""></li><li>“Brown Cover Books” huangpi shu (for “internal” / neibu circulation)<br><img src=""-049.jpg""></li><li>Hand-copied entertainment literature <em>shouchaoben wenxue</em>:<br><img src=""-050.jpg""></li></ul>"
+Q7O$U+R[}X Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What's to say about <em>Unofficial Literature</em> during the Cultural Revolution? "Underground literature (1960s-1970s):
+<ul><li>People wrote in secret, not for publication, and read “forbidden” books that were produced (handwritten, mimeographed, photocopied, printed, etc.) and distributed through unofficial, non-government-sanctioned channels</li><li>not necessarily critical of CCP, e.g. love poems, foreign literature</li><li>Memories of “underground, private literary life, with access to ostensibly forbidden books and opportunities to practice calligraphy or perform” (R. Kraus)</li></ul>"
+fPKCczd]4A Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Cultural Revolution: an important development in 1973? Zhou Enlai supports Deng Xiaoping’s return as deputy premier to assist economic recovery (original idea of the “Four Modernizations”)
+Cgq?qp2IYd Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Cultural Revolution: an important development in 1972? 1972: “Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius” campaign (Gang of Four). Zhou Enlai is an implicit target as the “Duke of Zhou” (the perfect ruler according to Confucius)
+NIl`7%c%E] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Factions: apart from the Red Guards, who also had a split in the <em>Cultural Revolution</em>? "The CCP split between:
+<ul><li>a <em>radical faction</em> close to <em>Jiang Qing</em>,</li><li>and a <em>moderate faction</em> close to <em>Zhou Enlai</em>.</li></ul>"
+vfYnTbU%0e Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Zhou Enlai die? 1976 January 8<sup>th</sup>
+f]KI92%J2I Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What happened in response to the death of <em>Zhou Enlai</em>? April Fifth Movement<br><ul><li>1976 April 5<sup>th</sup> (Qingming/ “Tomb Sweeping” Festival)</li><li>2 million people bring white paper flowers (mourning) to Tian’anmen Square in honour of Zhou (Beijing population then: 8 million)</li><li>Posters denouncing “Emperor Qin Shihuang” (tyrant) and the “White-Boned Demon” (= Mao and Jiang Qing)</li><li>Poems: e.g. Bei Dao, “The Answer”</li><li>Protests expand to other cities</li><li>“incident” denounced as “counterrevolutionary riot”</li></ul>
+z2!|:v4v)? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution "Where is this poem excerpt taken from?
+<blockquote>
+ I came into this world<br>
+Bringing only paper, rope, a shadow,<br>
+To proclaim before the judgment<br>
+The voice that has been judged:<br>
+Let me tell you, world,<br>
+I – do – not – believe!<br>
+If a thousand challengers lie beneath your feet,<br>
+Count me as number thousand and one.<br>
+I don't believe the sky is blue;<br>
+I don't believe in thunder's echoes;<br>
+I don't believe that dreams are false;<br>
+I don't believe that death has no revenge.
+</blockquote>" It's an excerpt from Bei Dao, “The Answer” (huida), published in the wake of the April Fifth Movement 1976.
+nxG+sgv{AB Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Mao die? 1976 September 9<sup>th</sup>
+L`bgQlmi&q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Who took control of the CCP after the death of Mao? Hua Guofeng became the new CCP chairman after Mao.
+p%Y*H{}4u{ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution Hua Guofeng: which order did he give shortly after taking power? Hua Guofeng orders arrest of Gang of Four, accused of counter-revolutionary activity.
+f3}q5M5@n1 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution What's to say about the Gang of Four trial? "<div><img src=""-073.jpg""><br></div><ul><li>Show trial televised nationally</li><li>Jiang Qing represented herself and disrupted CCP’s attempts at distanciating Mao from the violence and radicalism by arguing that she was only “Mao’s dog”, i.e. he was responsible for the violence, not (only) the Gang of Four</li><li>Death penalty converted to life imprisonment. 1984 house arrest, hospital, 1991 suicide</li></ul>"
+y]l}+AJP-U Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::7. Cultural Revolution How did Jiang Qing justify her actions at the Gang of Four trial? "She argued that she was only ""Mao's dog""."
+c{U%,^I0fi Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s How is the time after Mao called? <ul><li>The Reform Era (post-1976; post-Mao)</li><li>“Reform and Opening Up” (gaige kaifang)</li><li>“The New Era” (xin shiqi)</li></ul>
+"n?5fXM#,m8" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s The time around Mao's death until the late 1980s can be divided into phases. What are they? <ul><li>Phase of succession 1975–1978</li><li>Phase of reform 1978–1986</li><li>Phase of “stalemate” 1986–1988</li></ul>
+y4r!F1Cj~P Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Who succeeded Mao? "<ul>
+ <li>1978: Rise of Deng Xiaoping as Party-State leader under principle of “collective leadership”</li>
+ <li>1980: Hua Guofeng steps down from role of PRC Premier (zongli), succeeded by Zhao Ziyang (1919-2005) until 1987</li>
+ <li>1981: Hua Guofeng steps down from role of CCP Chairman (zhuxi; last to hold this title)</li>
+ <li>Hua Guofeng was succeeded by:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Hu Yaobang (1915–1989) as CCP General Secretary (zong shuji; liberal, pro-reform) until 1987<br><img src=""-002.jpg""></li>
+ <li>Zhao Ziyang (pro-reform) from 1987 to 1989 (conservative leadership takes over after Tiananmen crackdown of 1989)<br><img src=""-001.jpg""></li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+CI3E`sPzPu Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Who is the most recent CCP chairman? <em>Hua Guofeng</em> was the last to hold the title and did so until 1981.
+"PN@MM$%e#e" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What was Deng Xiaoping's position in the party? Deng Xiaoping was only Chairman of the Central Military Commission but was <em>de facto</em> leader of China from 1978 to his death in 1997
+FHp8&;UZZ3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What was Deng Xiaoping's first reform project? "<p>
+ Economic reforms: <em>Four Modernizations</em> or <em>si ge xiandaihua</em> / <em>si hua</em>:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>First proposed by Zhou Enlai in 1954 (with “communications and transport” instead of “science and technology”)</li>
+ <li>Implemented by Deng since 1978</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+ The modernizations are:
+</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>Industry</li>
+ <li>Agriculture</li>
+ <li>Defence/military</li>
+ <li>Science and technology</li>
+</ol>"
+p~vYna]]bs Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are the main changes of the early reform era regarding economy and society? <ul><li>Decollectivization (dismantling of communes) and modernization of agriculture</li><li>Reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and introduction of private enterprises</li><li>Industrial development of coastal regions (shift to production of consumer goods)</li><li>Open door policy: foreign trade and foreign investment (Sino-foreign joint ventures)</li><li>Free markets</li><li>Special Economic Zones (SEZ): Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen, Shantou</li><li>Birth control and the one-child policy (1980)</li></ul>
+i(?lZ3tV^x Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Explain the political slogan <em>xiang qian kan</em>. "It means ""look to the future"" and is homophonous with ""look to money"". It embodies the new era of optimism and consumerism in the reform era."
+"Fe#tRKy<n5" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give two political slogans from Deng Xiaoping that embody his pragmatism. <ul><li>“Practice (shijian) is the sole criterion for testing truth”</li><li>“Seek truth from facts” (shishi qiu shi)</li></ul>
+QbFGpY^PXs Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s How is the new political end economic system of the reform era often referred to? As the beginning of “socialism with Chinese characteristics” (you Zhongguo tese de shehui zhuyi)
+dG4[$7cPM9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Which important new policy started in 1980? 1980: Universal implementation of One Child Policy (yi hai zhengce)
+Cpqf{6qcxm Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give four ugly aspects of the One Child Policy. <ul><li>forced abortions and sterilizations</li><li>rise in female infanticide</li><li>gender imbalance</li><li>ageing population</li></ul>
+PE}_u35GdP Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Were there exceptions to the One Child Policy? "Yes, from the mid-1980s:
+<ul>
+ <li>rural families could have 2 children if the first child is female,</li>
+ <li>ethnic minorities are exempt.</li>
+</ul>"
+zepV-Fs,*f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s One Child Policy: were there any recent changes to the policy? 2015: two-child limit<br>2021: all limits and penalties lifted
+f)4mGag$m% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Gimme some banger quotes from Deng Xiapoing in favour of capitalist/market-oriented reform. <ul><li>“To get rich is glorious”</li><li>“Let some people get rich first”</li><li>“It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice”</li><li>“If you open the door, some flies will get in”</li></ul>
+KDQf@):UWw Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Which souvenir did Deng Xiaopong bring back home from the USA? "This fabulous hat:<br><img src=""-010.jpg"">"
+yuoY=0Uz(r Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s In 1981 June, what did the CCP have to say abut its past? "The “Resolution on Certain Questions in Our Party’s History since the Founding of the PRC” from 1981 June stated:
+<blockquote>
+ “Our Party has made <strong>mistakes</strong> owing to its meagre experience in leading the cause of socialism
+and subjective errors in the Party leadership’s analysis of the situation and its understanding of
+Chinese conditions. Before the “cultural revolution” there were mistakes of enlarging the scope
+ of class struggle and of <strong>impetuosity and rashness in economic construction</strong>. Later, there was the
+ <strong>comprehensive, long-drawn-out and grave blunder of the “cultural revolution""</strong>. All these errors
+prevented us from scoring the greater achievements of which we should have been capable.”
+</blockquote>"
+"PGMa%Z/#hP" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s How did the judgement of Mao change in the reform era? Mao’s responsibility for the CR recognized, but his achievements and authority not questioned.<br>1990s ”Maostalgia” (Mao Nostalgia) and renewed popularity of Red Culture and Red Classics
+K@/mrnvnd] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are the main changes of the early reform era regarding culture and education? <ul><li>University entrance examination reinstated in 1977 (based on merit, not class)</li><li>Large-scale rehabilitation (pingfan) of intellectuals, writers, artists, Party members (many of which posthumous, e.g. Wu Han, Lao She, Tian Han, etc.)</li><li>Dismantling of Mao cult (statues, memorabilia)</li><li>Relaxation of restrictions on religious practice and traditional customs</li><li>Cultural liberalization and experiment</li><li>Influence of foreign culture (also Hong Kong and Taiwan)</li><li>Cultural reform and “cultural fever” (as consequence of economic and social liberalization)</li></ul>
+o3{8FevZO< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "What do you see here?<br><img src=""-011.jpg"">" This is the 1978–1979 Xidan Democracy Wall:<br><ul><li>Official proclamation of cultural “liberalization” (Fourth Congress of Writers and Artist, 1979)</li><li>Spread of “openness” policy to cultural realm and political demands (“directed public sphere”)</li><li>1978: poems, petitions, denunciations, literary and political manifestos posted on wall at Xidan intersection in Beijing</li><li>Development of samizdat (unofficial, self-published) journals, e.g. Beijing Spring, Exploration, Today (poetry journal, Bei Dao)</li><li>Deng’s initial support of the movement</li><li>Wei Jingsheng: essay on the “fifth modernization” (di wu ge xiandaihua): democracy (minzhu)</li></ul>
+H.eT$5|D{; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What is the <em>fifth modernization</em>? In addition to the four proposed by Deng Xiaoping, the fifth modernization should be democracy, says Wei Jingsheng.
+j>Ag$-r0g Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are <em>The Four Cardinal Principles</em> or <em>The Four Basic Principles</em>? "The Four Cardinal Principles (Four Basic Principles), Deng Xiaoping, 1979 March 20<sup>th</sup>:
+<blockquote>
+“to carry out China’s four modernizations, we must uphold the Four Cardinal Principles ideologically and politically. This is the basic prerequisite for achieving modernization. The four principles are:
+<ol>
+ <li>We must keep to the socialist road.</li>
+ <li>We must uphold the dictatorship of the proletariat.</li>
+ <li>We must uphold the leadership of the Communist Party.</li>
+ <li>We must uphold Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.”</li>
+</ol>
+</blockquote>"
+Koe4LBehJn Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s When was <em>The Cultural Fever</em>? Describe it. The Cultural Fever (wenhua re) of the 1980s:<br><ul><li>“cultural reflection” (wenhua fansi)</li><li>“emancipation of the mind”, “second liberation”</li><li>Often compared to May Fourth-era cultural renaissance and creative “explosion”</li><li>Embrace of foreign cultures and lifestyles</li><li>“High culture fever”: literary and artistic experiment, foreign art, literature, philosophy (e.g. modernism, existentialism)</li><li>Popular culture: music (Mandopop), fashion</li><li>Impact of Gang-Tai (HK and Taiwan) culture and literature</li><li>(Re-)discovery of Republican-era literature and arts</li></ul>
+b5=kSK%le8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What is the High Culture Fever and when was it? Since mid-1980s:<br><ul><li>Fever for “root-seeking” (cultural reflection)</li><li>Fever for new methodologies (humanism, subjectivity)（+ foreign cultures, “Westernization”)</li><li>1988 TV Documentary series River Elegy (Heshang), 6 parts, over 200 million viewers, reformist agenda, authors in exile after 1989</li></ul>
+"q~N#v94X2#" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s In the late 1970s and early 1980s, what are two important names in popular music? <ul><li>Teresa Teng (Deng Lijun; Taiwan)</li><li>Peng Liyuan (wife of Xi Jinping)</li></ul>
+rEpR~ZHlAI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's a banger song from 1977? Teresa Teng (Deng Lijun; Taiwan): “Yueliang daibiao wo de xin”, 1977<br><ul><li>One of the first foreign songs to enter China in reform era</li><li>Huge popularity: “Old Deng” (Deng Xiaoping) by day and “Little Deng” by night</li><li>Temporarily banned as “yellow tunes” (huangse gequ) = obscene in early 1980s</li><li>Died suddenly, aged 42, in 1995 > acquired cult status across Chinese world</li></ul>
+ByAfn&QF>Y Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Provide some examples of Chinese Rock music <ul><li>Cui Jian, “Nothing to My Name” (Yiwu suoyou) 1984</li><li>Cobra (Yanjing she yuedui)</li><li>Tang Dynasty, “A Dream Return to Tang Dynasty” (Menghui tangchao) 1991</li><li>Black Panther (Hei bao)</li></ul>
+G3A)Naeg}1 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's the name of the famous chinese rock song based on the chinese version of the Internationale? Cui Jian, “Nothing to My Name” (Yiwu suoyou) 1984
+zp!{t%F/em Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Which new style of dancing entered China in the 80s? "Breakdance! There apparently was a breakdance fever. piliwu, lit. “thunderbolt dance”.<br><img src=""-028.jpg"">"
+Jz.AjvP_>V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "Who is this?<br><img src=""-022.jpg"">" <em>Cui Jian</em>, he wrote <em>Nothing to My Name</em>.
+H<9Ox,DY4. Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What was China's first TV series? <em>Yearnings</em><br><ul><li>China’s first TV series (aka Aspirations; Kewang) 1990</li><li>Written by popular writer Wang Shuo</li><li>Over 550 million viewers, “empty streets”</li><li>Set 1960s-1980s, focus on two couples</li><li>Love stories and human hardships during the Cultural Revolution and early 1980s<br></li></ul>
+w6v}gyLiV Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Which new genres of literature emerged in the late 1970s and the 1980s? <ul><li>Scar literature (shanghen wenxue) (+ films/dramas/art)</li><li>Reform literature (gaige wenxue) supporting the Four Modernizations (concept of “Main Melody”, e.g. in film)</li><li>Misty/Obscure poetry (menglong shi)</li><li>Roots-seeking literature (xungen wenxue) (+ “ethnographic impulse” in 1980s “new Chinese cinemas”)</li><li>Avant-garde literature (xianfeng wenxue; xianfeng pai)</li></ul>
+F$.VV?@.B] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's <em>Scar Literature</em>? <ul><li>Short-lived (late 1970s) cultural trend in literature, film, art, drama</li><li>Named after Lu Xinhua’s short story, “The Wounded” (Shanghen, 1978)</li><li>Story of former Red Guard who denounced her mother during the CR. Returns to visit too late (mother dies on that day)</li><li>Catharsis (social and political trauma of the Cultural Revolution)</li><li>(Superficial exploration) of personal responsibility</li><li>“Bright tail” (guangming weiba): hopeful endings (condemnation of Gang of Four and glorification of new Hua Guofeng leadership)</li></ul>
+vx}y9{$6!V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Which new publication started 1978 in Beijing? Tell me something about it. Today Magazine (Jintian)<br><ul><li>people-run magazine (minjian kanwu)</li><li>Founded in December 1978 in Beijing</li><li>Editors: poets Bei Dao, Mang Ke</li><li>Contributors: Shu Ting, Gu Cheng, Yang Lian, Duo Duo, etc.</li><li>Main outlet for “Misty Poetry” (“Obscure Poetry”; menglong shi)</li><li>Published 9 issues and 4 collections</li><li>Sponsored two poetry readings and co-sponsored two art exhibitions of the Stars (Xinxin) group</li><li>September 1980: suspended by authorities for failing to register</li><li>Today poets published in official journals at all levels</li><li>1990: resumed publication in Norway</li></ul>
+Q>rH6X/DK< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's <em>Misty Poetry</em> or <em>Obscure Poetry</em>? <ul><li>Labeled “obscure” by conservative critics; label taken up by poets themselves</li><li>Short, lyrical poems with personal/individual (vs. public/collective) symbolism</li><li>Suggests a mood rather than a clear meaning or message</li><li>Non-didactic, though generally anti-heroic tenor that contrasts with Maoist-era heroic rhetoric</li></ul>
+zHQo]ykC=G Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give four examples of Misty Poets. "<ul>
+ <li>Bei Dao<br><img src=""-040.jpg""></li>
+ <li>Mang Ke<br><img src=""-041.jpg""></li>
+ <li>Shu Ting<br><img src=""-042.jpg""></li>
+ <li>Gu Cheng<br><img src=""-043.jpg""></li>
+</ul>"
+cm!%c*6?Bf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's Xingxing? "An art group also known as ""Stars"", established mid-1979 connected to <em>Jintian</em> and <em>Democracy Wall</em>. Most of them are self-taught artists."
+tMF/e]@,@. Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "Who was in the ""Stars"" group?" <ul><li>Huang Rui</li><li>Ma Desheng</li><li>Qu Leilei</li><li>Yang Yiping</li><li>Li Yongcun</li><li>Bo Yun</li><li>Zhong Acheng</li><li>Wang Keping (sculptor)</li><li>Yan Li (painter, poet)</li><li>Li Shuang (painter)</li><li>Mao Lizi</li><li>Ai Weiwei</li></ul>
+pm!jX}5<_3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "What's this?<br><img src=""-046.jpg"">" This is <em>Idol</em> by the sculptor <em>Wang Keping</em>, member of <em>Xingxing</em>. It's a buddha-like Mao bust, highly provocative at the time.
+"sb!(!ViOi#" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's <em>Root-seeking literature</em>? <ul><li>Han Shaogong, “The Roots of Literature” (wenxue de gen), 1984</li><li>Search for alternative, non-orthodox, cultures (folk culture, the “primitive”, ethnic minorities, mythology, Buddhism, Daoism)</li><li>Alternative history to CCP official narrative</li><li>Re-evaluation of May Fourth iconoclasm: How can contemporary writers renovate Chinese literature while being cut off from their own cultural tradition? How to create a new literature that is modern and Chinese?</li><li>Part of larger cultural reflection (wenhua fansi)</li><li>Similarities with Latin American “magical realism” (e.g. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Colombia, One Hundred Years of Solitude)</li></ul>
+tO|Z9@A@iw Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are representative works of <em>Root-seeking literature</em>? <ul><li>Han Shaogong, Ba Ba Ba, 1985</li><li>Mo Yan, Red Sorghum, 1986 (pseud. of Guan Moye, Nobel Prize 2012)</li><li>Ah Cheng, King of Chess, 1984</li><li>Zheng Yi, Old Well, 1985</li><li>Wang Anyi, Baotown, 1985</li></ul>
+uR}BOQJITn Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s 1980s cinema: who was new on the scene? The “Fifth Generation” emerged, e.g. directors:<br><ul><li>Zhang Yimou,</li><li>Chen Kaige,</li><li>Tian Zhuangzhuang.</li></ul><div>New:</div><ul><li>Historical reflection</li><li>Cultural critique</li><li>Subversion of CCP master narratives and types (e.g. peasant, soldier)</li><li>Ethnography (”untamed frontier”, “Chinese Westerns”, ethnic minorities)</li><li>Visuality (vs. verbal expression)</li><li>Ambiguity, allegory</li></ul>
+O]BFKI!CG= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "What's this?<br><img src=""-057.jpg"">" A still from <em>Yellow Earth</em> (1984), directed by <em>Chen Kaige</em>. He was part of the fifth generation.
+"wEJuqN^~#9" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s When in the 1980s where there student protests, and what was their main demand? 1985–1986 student protests for more political openness
+ouo~D9vO%{ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What position in the CCP changed hands in 1987? 1987 Hu Yaobang forced to resign from General Secretary position, taken by Zhao Ziyang
+qmjY7g!__s Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What happens on 1989 January 6<sup>th</sup>? Astrophysicist and university professor Fang Lizhi writes an open letter to Deng Xiaoping:<br><ul><li>Calls for release all political prisoners (Wei Jingsheng)</li><li>Inspires petitions from writers of May Fourth generation, Bei Dao, and others</li><li>All condemned as “illegal”</li></ul>
+"nX/SO;(*#." Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What were political campaigns in the 1980s, what was their aim? <ul><li>1983-1984: campaign against “spiritual pollution” (jingsheng wuran)</li><li>1987 campaign against “bourgeois liberalization” (zichan jieji ziyouhua) (Hu Yaobang, Fang Lizhi purged)</li><li>Targets: “excessive individualism”, “humanism”, foreign influences</li></ul>
+CBn~:+E?Zf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Describe an important event of 1989. The Tiananmen Square democracy movement, 1989<br><ul><li>Social problems: inflation, disintegration of the state sector, unemployment, official corruption and nepotism</li><li>Intellectual discontent about lack of democratic reforms</li><li>15 April 1989 death of Hu Yaobang, student commemoration on Tiananmen Square</li><li>Banners against corruption: “Sell the [Mercedes] Benzes and save the nation!”</li><li>Calls for democracy, political accountability, freedom of speech, press, association: “Hello, Mr. Democracy!” (Cf. Chen Duxiu/New Youth)</li><li>Students occupy Tiananmen Square, later joined by workers, journalists, ordinary citizens</li><li>Protest spreads to other cities</li><li>Violently put down</li></ul>
+zZ`tR}ZBXD Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give a brief timeline of Tian'anmen 1989. <ul><li>Early May: students’ hunger strike</li><li>15 May: Mikhail Gorbachev’s visit disrupted by the protests (and world media in Beijing)</li><li>18 May: meeting between Premier Li Peng and student leaders broadcast on TV</li><li>19 May: CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang on the square (“too late”), loses internal power struggle with hardliners</li><li>20 May: Deng imposes martial law</li><li>Common citizens try to block PLA from reaching the square</li><li>2 June: Hou Dejian (singer-songwriter) and Liu Xiaobo (lecturer, cultural critic) start hunger strike</li><li>Violence against PLA soldiers as citizens block access to square (focus of CCP in the aftermath)</li><li>3 June: PLA opens fire; Hou and Liu negotiate to safely evacuate students from the square</li><li>4 June: square evacuated</li><li>1000s wounded and 1000 dead in Beijing, 100s dead in other cities, exact figures unknown</li><li>CCP denounces the movement as “counter-revolutionary riot”</li><li>Remembered as June Fourth (6.4; liu si), still taboo subject in China</li></ul>
+"x#c.Da{rO1" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Tian'anmen 1989: where did most of the deaths occur, who were the victims? <ul><li>Most deaths occurred on the roads near the square, not the square itself.</li><li>many victims were ordinary citizens, not students</li><li>most deaths by firearms, not tanks</li></ul>
+2,031y}K* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Tian'anmen 1989: Did they want to overthrow the government? Aim was “to save the nation” and reform the government, not to overthrow it (patriotic intentions).
+v:h2Fy=vnJ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Tian'anmen 1989: what happened to the student leaders? Some arrested (e.g. Liu Xiaobo), some fled abroad. Hou Dejian went to the Australian embassy. Fang Lizhi ended up in exile in the US.
+t_gNff~xGa Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "What's interesting about this still?<br><img src=""-075.jpg"">" This is a cencored episode of <em>The Simpsons</em>. It was removed from Disney+ in Hong Kong in 2021.
+gK^A5?ZURI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s How did the people in Hong Kong react to Tian'anmen? Increased anxiety about 1997 handover to China; yearly vigils until criminalization in 2020 under new National Security Law
+yraqis>1f5 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s How did China change after Tian'anmen? End of the cultural and intellectual liberalization of the 1980s, increased cultural censorship in early 1990s.
+pJ!;WlKf-k Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What accelerated the economic reforms in 1992? 1992: Deng Xiaoping’s “southern inspection tour” (nanxun) of the Special Economic Zones, Guangzhou, and Shanghai accelerates the economic reforms in the 1990s.
+v^sa=TN2Xn Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s New political catchphrases of the 1990s? <ul><li>“socialist market economy”</li><li>“stability maintenance” (closer control)</li><li>social “harmony” (through ideological education and censorship)</li><li>“patriotic education” (nationalism): end of “one hundred years of humiliation” in 1949, thanks to CCP</li></ul>
+N-*9N2!p{* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What did the <em>iron rice bowl</em> guarantee? <ul><li>job allocation (lifetime employment)</li><li>work units and housing allocation</li><li>free health care and education</li><li>state rationing and fixed pricing</li></ul>
+"A]+,#d7+4H" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s After the end of the <em>iron rice bowl</em>, what are some remaining elements of socialism in China? <ul><li>state ownership of land</li><li>state regulation of media</li></ul>
+fY8r3*j8~i Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Which new problems emerged from the market reforms? <ul><li>Growing urban unemployment</li><li>Rise of coastal areas and decline of hinterland and former sites of dismantled SOEs (e.g. Dongbei)</li><li>Mass internal migration (liudong renkou, “floating population”: 62 million in 1993)</li><li>Widening social gap in the cities due to rural migrants’ lack of residence permit (hukou)</li><li>“left-behind children” in rural areas</li></ul>
+e@Y0Q[8q** Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s "What event do you see here?<br><img src=""-085.jpg"">" This is the Hong Kong handover ceremony of 1997 June 30<sup>th</sup>.
+dcef;2ap~v Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s When was Hong Kong handed over to China? 1997 June 30<sup>th</sup>
+E~Uw>6cF|$ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What made a revival in the 1990s? <ul><li>Confucianism (social stability, moderation, respect for authority) and traditional culture</li><li>Xinjiang local culture and religion (Islam)</li></ul>
+vi:V-.a5*C Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s When did the first Confucius Institute open? 2004 in Seoul
+i{3!A`-Arr Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What opened it's doors 2004 in Seoul? The first Confucius Institute.
+Hj_T8Q{qhv Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What changed in Xinjiang in the 2000s? <ul><li>increasing surveillance,</li><li>military presence,</li><li>Han migration in Xinjiang and Tibet,</li><li>imposition of Han culture and language (Mandarin)</li></ul>
+G5-P?x*xiM Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s In the mid-1990s, which groups are now suppressed? <ul><li>official CCP supervision of qigong groups</li><li>persecution of resistant group, Falungong, led by Li Hongzhi (exiled in the US) as “feudal superstition”</li></ul>
+Bgw?)4t4TT Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What helped Falungong in it's growth in the 2000s? <ul><li>Epoch Times</li><li>New Tang Dynasty Television</li><li>Shen Yun performances</li></ul>
+wQTy`QDh2g Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give some examples of cultural shifts in the post-new era/postsocialist era in X vs. Y statements. changing meaning of guangchang:<br>square (1980s) vs. “plaza” (mall) (1990s)<br><br>Political activism, “high culture fever”, civil society debates (1980s)<br>vs.<br>Depoliticization and commercialization of society and cultural sphere (1990s)<br><br>Serious/pure literature (chun wenxue), arts, culture<br>vs.<br>Popular Literature (tongsu wenxue), mass culture (qunzhong wenhua)
+iM;*+0zV_4 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give some examples of cultural shifts in the post-new era/postsocialist era in general statements (not X vs. Y). <ul><li>Decline in readership of “serious” literature and culture (mid-1980s-1990s)</li><li>Literature and art subject to the logic of the market</li><li>Market-driven mass culture, writers and artists (cultural producers) forced to respond</li><li>Explosion of mass media: video halls, dance clubs, popular music, pirated videos, TV programs, karaoke</li><li>Reduction in state subsidies to culture industries (literary journals, literary awards)</li><li>Popular literature boom: Hong Kong martial arts novels (Jing Yong) , Taiwan romance (Qiong Yao, San Mao)</li></ul>
+A:6:e)`rBw Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are some important literary trends in the 1990s? <ul><li>Avant-garde (xianfeng) or experimental fiction (shiyan xiaoshuo); most active period between 1987 and 1992</li><li>Wang Shuo’s “hooligan” literature (liumang wenxue or pizi wenxue)</li><li>Beauty Writers (meinü zuojia): commercial women’s literature</li></ul>
+m?u_gPA:~u Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are some features of Avant-garde literature in the postsocialist era? <ul><li>Formal experiments</li><li>Attention to the medium; innovation through writing about writing; meta-fiction (yuan xiaoshuo); e.g. narrator/writer Ma Yuan in Ma Yuan’s “Fabrication”</li><li>Intricate narratives, unclear plots</li><li>Cynicism</li><li>Allegories</li><li>Intertextuality</li><li>Language games</li><li>Violence</li></ul>
+GLbg@$*`/[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Give examples of Avant-garde writers along with a representative work. "<ul><li><img src=""-090.jpg""><br>Can Xue: Hut on the Mountain (1985)</li><li><img src=""-089.jpg""><br>Ma Yuan: Fabrication (1986)</li><li><img src=""-091.jpg""><br>Ge Fei: A Flock of Brown Birds (1988)</li><li><img src=""-092.jpg""><br>Yu Hua: One Kind of Reality (1988)</li><li><img src=""-093.jpg""><br>Su Tong: The Flight of 1934 (1988)</li></ul>"
+v3by.m_&XU Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s Who is Wang Shuo and what are some important works of his? "<ul><li>“writer-entrepreneur”: novelist, filmmaker, actor, screenwriter</li><li>“Hooligan literature” (liumang / pizi wenxue)</li>
+<ul><li>Please Don’t Call Me Human</li><li>The Troubleshooters</li><li>Playing for Thrills</li></ul></ul>Many screen adaptations of Wang’s literary works:<br><ul><li>The Troubleshooters (aka The Operators) (1988) dir. Mi Jiashan</li><li>Samsara (1988) dir. Huang Jianxin</li><li>No Regrets About Youth (1992) dir. Zhou Xiaowen</li><li>In the Heat of the Sun (1995) dir. Jiang Wen</li><li>Little Red Flowers (2005) dir. Zhang Yuan</li><li>Many collaborations with filmmaker Feng Xiaogang</li></ul>"
+.*0=;NPUO Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What's to say about <em>Beaty Writers</em>, what are two of them, along with a representative work? <ul><li>1970s-born</li><li>Wei Hui, Shanghai Baby, 1999</li><li>Mian Mian, Candy, 2000</li><li>“body writing” (shenti xuezuo), semi-autobiographical</li><li>Commercialization of female sexuality</li><li>Explicit sexual descriptions</li><li>drug addiction</li><li>decadent lifestyles</li><li>youth subcultures</li><li>luxury goods</li><li>fashionable urban lifestyle</li></ul>
+esQG!XI+x, Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::1. Intro to 1911 "Who made this?<br><img src=""-029.jpg"">" Guiseppe Castiglione, his Chinese name was Lang Shining, a Jesuit.
+C;59hm2/Wt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01 Historical Overview Which short story is the beginning of modern Chinese literature? "<p>
+ In short: the answer is inherently political.
+</p>
+<p>
+ The view that Lu Xun's <em>Diary of a Madman</em> is the ""birth"" of Chinese modernity in literature is out of date. Chinese literary historians want to rewrite literary history since the 1980s to include more marginalized writers and create a more heterogenous picture of literary development.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Denton says that the division into periods, schools, styles, is political and ideological. Nonetheless, delineating distinct periods is still a useful framework for making sense of the past.
+</p>
+<p>
+ The historical overview in the book starts in the late Qīng, before Lu Xun.
+</p>"
+g*^nI,w-Bl Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What are two historical forces of the Late Qīng that shaped Late Qing literature? "<ul><li>imperialsm,</li><li>internal social disintegration.</li></ul>
+<p>While Chinese intellectuals reflected on the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895, the reflection was extended into the realm of ideas and culture.</p>"
+PUK%`b&:*p Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What was the attittude of late Qīng intellectuals towards Confucianism? "Efforts to reinterpret it, e.g.:
+<ul>
+ <li>Kang Youwei (1858–1927) reinterpreted Confucius into a forward-looking reformer,</li>
+ <li>Tan Sitong (1865–1898) wanted <em>benevolence</em> at the core of the Confucian value system and attacked the li ethics of human relations.</li>
+</ul>"
+g2GBdyH?R{ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What was the attittude of late Qīng intellectuals towards the West? Borrowing Western science and technolgy in order to increase Chinese wealth and power already was a thing before the Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895, but culture and spirituality were questioned more after the war, and there were efforts to translate Western thought into Chinese, i.e. Lin Shu (1852–1924) and Yan Fu (1854–1921) were notable translators.
+AR?a5z6(|M Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What are some notable translations of Yan Fu (1854–1921)? <ul><li>Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations</li><li>Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws,</li><li>John Stuart Mill: On Liberty,</li><li>Thomas Huxley: Evolution and Ethics.</li></ul>
+I-(`OpbJ~O Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What are some concepts that entered the modernity discourse in China when Yan Fu's translations of Western works became available? <ul><li>Evolution,</li><li>progress,</li><li>individualism,</li><li>liberty,</li><li>law,</li><li>nation,</li><li>national character</li></ul>
+ekr/7hMo^3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What did Lin Shu notably translate, and how does it play into the modernity discourse at the time? Lin Shu translated >200 mostly western European novels. They gave narrative form to aspects of the modernity discourse, e.g. tales of individualist heroes. There was an idea that fiction could be used for nation building.
+Azb||@PI:@ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 In 1905, what invigorated the commercial print culture? The <em>civil service examination system</em> was abolished in 1905 and intellectuals were forced to find new careers in newspapers, literary journals, popular magazines, women's magazines, and other fields. Professional writers really emerge as a class now, although there have been some professional writers before that like Li Yu (1610–1680). Most writers needed steady incomes from teaching or as editors in publishing houses and could not live off their writing alone.
+ex+$}FQm@p Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 Describe the style of Chinese writing that Lin Shu used for his novel translations. Lin Shu and Yan Fu were part of the Tongcheng school of prose, seeking to revive ancient-style prose, modelled on Tang and Song prose. This made the Lin Shu translations of novels more respectable to the literati, but he also wanted to reinvigorate the ancient style with the dynamism of Western novels. Some describe the style as more ancient than it actually is, actually there were many modern lexical terms in it.
+DJb88x+ymw Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 How did poetry change in the late Qīng? "A ""poetry revolution"" led by Liáng Qǐchāo and Huang Zunxian wanted to reinvigorate poetry with:
+<ul>
+ <li>Western terms,</li>
+ <li>folk motifs,</li>
+ <li>vernacular language,</li>
+ <li>new themes.</li>
+</ul>"
+"I`#%]6Xjr_" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 How did Liáng Qǐchāo extend prose? Blend of classical syntax, vernacular language and foreign loanwords. This will later influence the modern vernacular language in the May Fourth period.
+JnMXgo/.zt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 What idea about fiction was promoted by Liáng Qǐchāo? He promoted using fiction as an instrument of national reform. He wanted to renovate:<br><ul><li>morality,</li><li>politics,</li><li>social customs,</li><li>learning and arts,</li><li>the human mind itself.</li></ul>
+k/9BLg))ZW Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.1 Late Qing 1895–1911 For fiction writers other than Liáng Qǐchāo at the same time, what were their novels like? There were love stories, detective novels, satires of corruption, science fiction, allegories about China, political novels and others. Some answered Liángs call to use fiction for reform, others were more focused on entertaining.
+C,^_w&lMnf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 Is May Fourth a valid category for understanding literature of the early Republic? Hockx questions that it is, but Denton says it is still a necessary tool to discuss literary modernity.
+c6n5f.><A< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 What is <em>May Fourth</em> as opposed to <em>New Culture</em>? Denton says May Fourth also describes a broader cultural movement, and that this movement is also called New Culture movement. The movement is both different from and closely related to the anti-imperialist nationalism expressed when students marched to Tian'anmen Square on May 4<sup>th</sup>.
+z.bJI=5dtt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 How is <em>May Fourth</em> different from the <em>late Qīng</em> modernity discourse? "<p>
+ May Fourth deepened and enhanced the modernity discourse inherited from the late Qīng. People argue about ""Antitraditionalism, democracy, science, enlightenment, individualism, evolution, nation, and revolution, a hodgepodge of sometimes conflicting concepts"". Now central to the discourse is a totalistic attack on tradition (iconoclasm).
+</p>
+<p>
+ Confucian value system is attacked by westernized writers as hierarchical, oppressively authoritarian, and constricting the individual, e.g.:
+</p><ul><li>
+
+ Wu Yu (1871–1949),</li><li>Lu Xun (1881–1936),</li><li>Chen Duxiu (1880–1942),</li><li>Gao Yihan (1885–1968),</li><li>Yi Baisha (1886–1921).</li></ul>"
+p09-gLo3e` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 What is a key concept affected by the May Fourth iconoclasm? "Replacing classical language with modern written vernacular, suggested e.g. by Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu. They argue that vernacular can ""better portray social and emotional realities and serve as the new national language""."
+"i7%M%1#pNn" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 Vernacular in verse: what are some people that started experimenting with it after May Fourth? <ul><li>Hu Shi,</li><li>Zhou Zuoren (1885–1967),</li><li>Xu Yunuo (1893–1958),</li><li>Xu Zhimo (1897–1931),</li><li>Bing Xin (1900–1998),</li><li>Yu Pingbo (1899–1990),</li><li>Guo Moruo</li></ul>
+Q^[AS>ZWA? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 Vernacular fiction in May Fourth: what were the two main styles, who promoted each style? "<ul><li>a style that some writers themselves labelled ""realism"" (Lu Xun), promoted by Literary Association,</li><li>""romantic mode of self-expression"" (Yu Dafu in fiction, Guo Moruo in poetry), promoted by Creation Society.</li></ul>"
+H5e[l?j=R+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 How was the relationship of the <em>Creation Society</em> with the <em>Literary Association</em>? "Creation Society and Literary Association were ""not nearly so at odds as conventionally thought [...] romantic and realist ethos coexisted within individual writers or across the boundaries set by polemical debates between literary societies""."
+G:wwIAkxfe Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 What are some characteristics of the new <em>national literary language</em> that writers in the early period experimented with? "<ul><li>""a hybrid of premodern vernacular,</li><li>Liáng Qǐchāo’s “new style,”</li><li>Western and Japanese grammatical forms,</li><li>foreign loanwords, and</li><li>remnants of classical Chinese.""</li></ul>"
+B^Bp=^*<Ec Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 What was the position of May Fourth writers towards entertainment fiction? """May Fourth writers [...] shared a disdain for entertainment fiction deprecatingly labeled 'Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies' fiction"""
+IT%]^T590= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 "What are some forms of ""Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies"" fiction?" <ul><li>Knight-errant novels,</li><li>detective fiction,</li><li>comedic satires, and</li><li>sentimental love stories.</li></ul>
+NX5zD~=28X Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 How did May Fourth Writers differ from Butterfly writers in terms of language and literary form? "<dl>
+ <dt>Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies</dt>
+ <dd>""some of the narrative and rhetorical forms of premodern fiction""</dd>
+ <dt>May Fourth</dt>
+ <dd>""highly Westernized, or Japanized, prose style""<br>""experimented with the narrative modes, poetic forms, and dramatic styles of the modern West""</dd>
+</dl>"
+N,mN5;giy1 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 How were journals important for literary societies? "<ul><li>""stable venue for publication of members' writings""</li><li>""forums for manifestos and polemics""</li></ul>"
+"xt]P0#~J]|" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.2 May Fourth 1915–1925 What changed for women writers with May Fourth? "<ul><li>""women writers were active in the late imperial period"",</li><li>undermines May Fourth movement view: ""women [...] completely silenced by a patriarchal tradition"",</li>
+ <li>true that more women writers emerged and more publicly:</li>
+<ul>
+ <li>Mostly women from ""economic and social elite"" with ""access to Western-style education"",</li><li>unlike men, ""tended to write about love and domestic life"".</li>
+</ul>
+</ul>"
+x+OK{=NeM8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism How political were writers in the 1920s and 1930s? "<ul><li>""the degree to which writers adhered to the leftist revolutionary cause has been dramatically overemphasized by Marxist literary historians""</li><li>""true that [...] May Fourth writers and [...] younger writers willingly embraced a political role""</li></ul>"
+w@fTyLShVQ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism Why did writers turn to the left in the 1920s and 1930s? """has everything to do with political and historical circumstances:<br><ul><li>the success of the revolutionary Northern Expedition [...],</li><li>the rise of Japanese imperialism [...], and</li><li>Guomindang (GMD)</li>
+<ul>
+ <li>fascism and</li><li>its inattention to social problems.</li>
+</ul>
+</ul>"
+CX|aR+*X!8 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism How did the leftward swing in literature in the 1920s and 1930s begin? """Qu Qiubai [...] perceptively attacked the May Fourth writers for their elitism, particularly their use of Westernized language and literary forms"""
+DW+A`jd,m[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism How did Qu Qiubai label Westernized language and literary forms, and what did he promote instead? "Westernized language and literary forms: ""Western eight-legged essays, referring to the abstruse and formulaic essay of the late imperial examination system""<br>Promoted street vernacular and popular performance arts as better tools of social change."
+x^AUB!3y./ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism What is revolutionary literature? Critics of writers from bourgeois or gentry backgrounds promote revolutionary literature as written about the masses and in their interests. There were debates about whether or not bourgeois writers could become enlightened and produce revolutionary literature.
+Aq96}n?+[! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism What's the League of Left-Wing Writers? Who established it? "The CCP established the <em>League of Left-Wing Writers</em>. Promoted ""Marxist literary theory and published leftist literature in its many official journals"". Realism and satire dominate. Mao Dun promotes naturalism."
+"NcAv4Spi#4" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism How is Mao Dun's writing naturalist? Wrote about economic hardship of peasants and how capitalism worked in Shanghai.
+olvQTd_y}Y Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism How is the writing of Zhang Tianyi and Wu Zuxiang naturalist? """offered satirical portraits of a decadent gentry class"""
+o88c8ziMO Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism Was the Creation Society counter-revolutionary? "<ul><li>""“conversions” to the revolutionary cause,</li><li>publicly decried their former individualism [...],</li><li>power of literature to contribute to the revolutionary movement""</li></ul>"
+q3STL.NZD* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism What is another highly popular area of literature in the late 1920s and 1930s, besides leftist literature? """Butterfly fiction continued to be highly popular. Writers like Zhang Henshui reached a readership unimaginable to most of the progressive writers"""
+jVq4KhF6l9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism What's one reason why Ba Jin's <em>Family</em> reached so many people? """precisely because it contains many tropes from the Butterfly tradition."""
+b/uDhF5S0q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism Who promoted and wrote literary works in a Chinese modernist style, which some argue is different from Western modernism? Writers associated with the journal <em>Les Contemporains</em>, also referred to as <em>New Sensationists </em>wrote modernist literature and poetry.<br>One scholar argues that modernism could not fully develop because of the different historical circumstances, i.e. they could not critique their own historical modernity.<br>Others argue that the term should be more inclusive and not only include Western Europe and the US.
+G^qCq3>&jL Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism Shen Congwen: what kind of life did his work most notably depict? "Shen Congwen in the 1930s most notably depicts:<br><ul><li>""[...] rural areas,</li><li>in a lyrical and</li><li>nostalgic mode"".</li></ul>Contrary to the style promoted by leftist critics:<br><ul><li>""void of political jargon and the</li><li>heroic revolutionary themes"".</li></ul><div>He also wrote romantic short stories.</div>"
+luj@k>Boy; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism Towards the end of the 1930s, what happened to attempts to steer literature away from realism? "The attempts ""faded, but did not disappear, by the late 1930s"". Historical pressures of the war against Japan."
+Ixrn^e19qq Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.3 Literary Diversification in the 1920s and 1930s: Leftist literature, modernism, and nativism What name is usally attached to Shen Congwen's literary style? """nativist"". Literary historians say he wrote about West Hunan. The romantic short stories do not fit very well into this framework."
+yA+7oz]vI| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) What were the political regions of the war period? "<ul><li>""Communist-controlled area around Yan’an in the northwest,</li><li>the Japanese-occupied coast, and</li><li>the GMD-held southwest""</li></ul>"
+yn)o8H5+Q0 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) How has the literature of the war period been misrepresented in literary histories? "<ul><li>PRC view of great homogeinity somewhat polemically described by Denton: ""writers happily abandoned their personal motivations for writing and devoted themselves and their pens to the political cause of national salvation""</li><li>emphasized: theory and practice in Yan'an</li><li>underemphasized or ignored: work in GMD and Japanese controlled areas</li></ul>"
+Kpv3j,aAOD Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) "In the war times, what styles of writing made their ""last stands"" and what was on the rise?" "<ul>
+ <li>“last stands”:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>realism,</li><li>romanticism,</li><li>modernism,</li><li>regionalism, and</li><li>popular literature</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>on the rise:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>revolutionary literature</li><li>national salvation literature</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>
+
+"
+OyDz1!p1K& Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) What May Fourth notion came under assault during the Yan'an rectification campaign? "The idea of ""the writer as the voice of 'critical conciousness', an ideal embodied in the figure of Lu Xun""."
+cC7IDbz5ek Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) How was literary resistance againt Japan organized in the war years? Umbrella organization is called <em>The All China League of Resistance Writers</em>.
+hU1=^-j=3a Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) What kind of works did the All China League of Resistance Writers promote? "<em>National forms</em> or <em>old forms</em> appealing to a <em>rural</em> as well as an <em>urban</em> audience, including:
+<ul>
+ <li>""storytelling,</li><li>ballads,</li><li>New Year’s prints,</li><li>local opera, and</li><li>Peking drum singing"" and</li><li>""'street plays', short propaganda dramas performed in villages""</li>
+</ul>"
+cygu_kX/9o Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) In the more heterogenous literary scene of the 1940s, what returned in GMD-controlled areas? """realism and romanticism returned as writers shifted their attentions away from the war"""
+"B$4Zn>J.#e" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) What was cultural production in occupied Beijing and Shanghai like? "<ul>
+ <li>""popular-entertainment fiction and escape were the rule of the day""</li>
+ <li>""Japanese occupiers sought to stem political dissent and largely succeeded""</li>
+ <li>""<em>historical costume dramas</em> were occasionally used allegorically to promote resistance,"" (popular in Shanghai)</li>
+ <li>Eileen Chang wrote short story collection <em>Romances</em></li>
+ <li>Shi Tuo: non-propagandistic <em>lyrical essays</em> and <em>experimental fiction</em></li>
+ <li>Yang Jiang: ""<em>contemporary comedies</em> that satirized intellectual pretension and social climbing""</li>
+</ul>"
+qdV;diir@% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) What styles were promoted in Yan'an CCP cultural policy? "<ul><li>""national defense literature"",</li><li>""national forms""</li></ul>"
+Lk[spNS/yB Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) "Ding Ling and others ""experienced difficulty abandoning May Fourth notions of the role of literature"" – What was it they did, thinking they had Party backing to do so?" """they began to publish essays and short stories that exposed problems in Yan’an society:<br><ul><li>party privilege,</li><li>the unequal place of women,</li><li>thought reform of intellectuals,</li><li>absence of freedom of speech,</li><li>and the like""</li></ul>"
+&^u0MpMu} Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.4 War Period: Literature and National Salvation (1937–1945) What was Mao Zedong's reaction to the criticism of Yan'an culture by Ding Ling and others? "He held a conference and gave the ""Yan'an Talks"" on party cultural policy, which also applied similarly in the PRC 1949 onwards, in short:<br><ul><li>""literature is subservient to political interests, and</li><li>writers should write for and about the masses of workers, peasants, and soldiers.""</li></ul>"
+"C*#YoD%rA>" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.5 Early Postrevolutionary Period: Revolutionary Romanticism 1949–1966 How did the CCP impose the dictates of the Yan'an talks in the early PRC? "<ul>
+ <li>some writers embrace the cultural policy in the first place,</li>
+ <li>public criticism when lines dictated by party guidelines were crossed,</li>
+ <li>CCP imposes literary uniformity with:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Institutions</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>nationalization of publishing industry and journals,</li>
+ <li><em>Chinese Writers Association</em> as (the only, I think, is implied?) ladder of success for writers ""within the socialist literary system"",</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>censorship by ""not approving manuscripts for publication"",</li>
+ <li>cultural campaigns,</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>1950s dotted with ""periodic campaigns against wayward writers""</li>
+ <li>later Great Leap Forward</li>
+ <li>even later Cultural Revolution</li>
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+ <li>effectively destroyed:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>privately owned journals,</li><li>privately owned publishing houses,</li><li>competing literary societies,</li><li>stylistic heterogeneity,</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+O?(QS?tebe Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.5 Early Postrevolutionary Period: Revolutionary Romanticism 1949–1966 What was an important moment of releaxation in cultural policy in the 1950s? The <em>Hundred Flowers</em> (1956–1957), were writers and intellectuals were encouraged by the CCP to speak out.
+h1ctgSs0k! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.5 Early Postrevolutionary Period: Revolutionary Romanticism 1949–1966 What was the response to the criticism in the wake of the <em>Hundred Flowers</em>? The <em>Anti-Rightist Campaign</em> (1957–1958).
+d/sd<Z/j0O Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.5 Early Postrevolutionary Period: Revolutionary Romanticism 1949–1966 What are the prescribed styles in the early PRC called? "<ul><li>""Socialist realism"" at first</li><li>then ""revolutionary realism combined with revolutionary romanticism""</li></ul>"
+"IoV#w5rS}s" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.5 Early Postrevolutionary Period: Revolutionary Romanticism 1949–1966 Which works of the prescribed style in the early PRC were sincerely enjoyed? "<ul><li>""Yang Mo: Song of Youth (1958),</li><li>Zhou Erfu: Morning in Shanghai (1958),</li><li>Qu Bo: Tracks in the Snowy Forest (1957),</li><li>Liu Qing: The Builders (1959), and</li><li>Luo Guangbin and Yang Yiyan: Red Crag (㑶ች, 1961)""</li></ul>"
+GL`qigS}ch Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 "What are the ""four olds""?" "Attacked during the Cultural Revolution, old:
+<ol>
+ <li>ideas</li>
+ <li>culture</li>
+ <li>customs</li>
+ <li>habits</li>
+</ol>"
+N)O}<QYiAy Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 While many May Fourth writers were attacke during the Cultural Revolution, who was not a target? """Lu Xun escaped critique during the radicalism of the Cultural Revolution"""
+hcN72V&!jo Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 What did the writers do to survive in the Cultural Revolution? "
+<ul>
+ <li>""most writers stopped writing""</li><li>a younger generation did write and mostly praise the Cultural Revolution, e.g. Hao Ran:<br></li>
+ <ul><li>Bright and Sunny Days (1965),</li><li>The Golden Road (1972–1974),</li><li>his works exemplify the ""aesthetics of heroism and class struggle""</li></ul>
+</ul>"
+FY=mZ7qRXR Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 What are some important model works of the Cultural Revolution in Peking opera? Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy and The Red Lantern.
+FL9U=uc:N( Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 What are some important model works of the Cultural Revolution in ballet? The White-Haired Girl and Red Detachment of Women.
+o>jmQ|-$c- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 Who was in charge of the model works? Jiang Qing.
+Dl8R8q$tpp Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.6 Cultural Revolution: Class Strugle 1966–1976 What kinds of literature were produced in the Cultural Revolution at serious risk? "<ul><li>Hand-copied popular fiction</li><li>underground elite poetry ""Misty Poetry""</li></ul>"
+H|CW<t3U>| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.7 Post-Mao: The Return of Modernity (1977–1989) In Post-Mao times, how did writers pry themselves from their ideological constraints? <ul><li>romantic self-expression,</li><li>modernist literary styles,</li><li>critical realism, and</li><li>the avant-garde</li></ul>
+DU!]lQq%*` Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.7 Post-Mao: The Return of Modernity (1977–1989) Of the women writers that emerged on a large scale in the post-Mao period, who was the most famous? Wang Anyi
+n>SNXm/p{t Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.7 Post-Mao: The Return of Modernity (1977–1989) Name some post-Mao literary movements. "<ul><li>Misty poetry,</li><li>scar literature,</li><li>roots-seeking literature,</li><li>avant-garde,</li><li>""Of course, not all writing produced in the 1980s fit neatly into these movements"".</li></ul>"
+m`_eS!rTS+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.7 Post-Mao: The Return of Modernity (1977–1989) What entered China in the 1980s, with a big cultural influence? Taiwan and Hong Kong commercial culture (film, pop music, television programs, and fiction), also previously banned writers like Eileen Chang and Shen Congwen.
+kbtYS[9AKC Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.8 Post-Tiananmen: The Rise of Consumer Culture 1989–present "What was ""the most significant phenomenon"" of the 1990s cultural scene?" "The commodification of culture after market reforms and influx of capital from Taiwan and Hong Kong. Literature popularized.<br>Some writers positioned themselves as ""pure art against the stench of the popular""."
+k@3D>80k9P Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.8 Post-Tiananmen: The Rise of Consumer Culture 1989–present Who is Gao Xingjian? Literature nobel prize winner, first Chinese one, relocated to Paris, says that artist should retreat from politics.
+M>V>-t+@Zg Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.8 Post-Tiananmen: The Rise of Consumer Culture 1989–present What was the subject of the new realist fiction of the 1990s? """attempts to describe realistically the problems of living and coping in the freewheeling capitalism of postsocialist China"""
+H17[YFFAg6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.8 Post-Tiananmen: The Rise of Consumer Culture 1989–present A significant development in the more recent literature on the mainland? "Internet literature. ""China has arguably the most active and creative literary presence on the Internet of any nation."". Arguments over poetics as well as popular-genre fiction, e.g. time travel fiction, grave robbery fiction, romance, sci-fi. Some get popular on the internet and then get into print."
+"Bf:|_{KqH#" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::01.8 Post-Tiananmen: The Rise of Consumer Culture 1989–present Who was the second Chinese person to be granted a Nobel Prize in Literature? Mo Yan in 2012.
+cJR(f?[H<R Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Slides::8. Reform era 1980s-90s What are the <em>Special Economic Zones</em>? <ul><li>Shenzhen,</li><li>Zhuhai,</li><li>Xiamen,</li><li>Shantou.</li></ul>
+pPs|,]:zXQ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03 Language and Literary Form What is the standard written vernacular language called that was established during May Fourth? <em>baihuawen</em> 白话文
+Loe54o(081 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What was the precursor to 白话文? “The classical or literary language, wenyan (文言), that served as the only written medium for official purposes had changed little over two millennia. It was vastly different from modern spoken Chinese in both structure and vocabulary and very difficult to learn.”
+hk?{ZI2}V? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What is meant by the nickname <em>eight-legged essay</em> or <em>bāgǔwén</em> 八股文? "<ul>
+ <li>""many literati decried the artificiality of formal prose, the principal mode of written expression in the late imperial period."",</li>
+ <li>""nicknamed [...] for its tight formal constraints"",</li>
+ <li>continues to be used for ""slavish adherence to literary formulas and stereotypes"",</li>
+ <li>the <a href=""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-legged_essay"">Wikipedia article</a> says that 八股文 is also a concrete form of essay that sounds shockingly rigid.</li>
+</ul>"
+vaVQ1!1*iL Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing Was there any other usage of written vernacular before May Fourth? "<ul>
+ <li>""As early as the medieval period a written vernacular much closer to the language of speech began to appear in popular literature</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>(Buddhist sutras and</li>
+ <li>short stories based on the performances of professional storytellers),""</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>""in fiction and drama of the Ming and Qīng dynasties""</li>
+ <li>education reformers, end of 19<sup>th</sup> century:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>""baihua journals and</li><li>primers on practical matters—</li><li>especially for women and others just learning to rea""</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+j?f(H{B*Z3 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing Stylistically, what emerged in poetry in the Late Qīng? "At the same time as the first baihua journals on practical matters:
+<ul><li>""a group of poets emerged who attempted to combine a greatly simplified style with</li><li>lively emotional, political, and social content</li><li>(see “The Late Qing Poetry Revolution”)."",</li><li>""still classical idiom"".</li></ul>"
+P_~5BAWn~6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What was the language of early newspapers like? Still 文言 wényán, but simplified in structure and vocabulary, even the earliest ones.
+vI$g@p^blb Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What did Liáng Qǐchāo try to do with newspapers? "<ul>
+ <li>Liáng Qǐchāo had a ""nationalist mission"", wanting to inform citizens to build a ""strong, modern China"",</li>
+ <li>developed ""hybrid of wenyan and baihua—called “new style prose,” or 新文体"" for his newspapers</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>“became the standard for newspaper Chinese for more than a generation.”</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+wUR;F3?@@& Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What hampered the modernization of drama in the late Qīng? "The ""tradition of performing in regional dialects"""
+o*g~TW8*=& Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What was the attitude of New Culture intellectuals towards <em>wenyan</em>? "<ul><li>""Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu advocated the complete abandonment of wenyan</li><li>and set the unification of writing and speech as one of the stylistic goals of modern literature""</li></ul>"
+j[IHbuKuBw Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing May Fourth and New Culture, this time from the perspective of <em>Charles Laughlin</em> and not <em>Denton</em> who wrote the historical overview: are they the same? """The May Fourth movement merged with the New Culture movement"""
+kUD!{_yj[O Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing What was the first important modern literary organization? """China’s first important modern literary organization, the Literary Association"""
+wy|^!|s0hS Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.1 Establishing the Language and Forms of Modern Writing At the time of the founding of the Literary Association, what kind of fiction took on a major role? "<ul><li>""Within fiction, realism took on the role of an almost ideological norm.""</li><li>""the proper form of writing would capture the truth immanent in reality""</li><li>""less as creative expression than as a vehicle for [...] truth""</li></ul>"
+M07n!TXLYL Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form What was Qu Qiubai's criticism of May Fourth language? <ul><li>he suggests “massification” of the modern language and its literature</li><li>idea being that May Fourth language is too sophisticated for the general population</li></ul>
+CjSI|z:z@I Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form When was the League of Left-Wing Writers established? "1930, lobbying for a ""literature closer to the working class, linguistically and otherwise"""
+uc5$S>m`Y6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form How did leftist writers exploit widespread anti-Japanese sentiment during the war? "<ul><li>The exploited it to ""popularize their literary intiative,</li><li>with only cost being toning down the less popular themes of class struggle and social critique.""</li></ul>"
+uy*QS:V@}| Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form With the idea of maximizing the audience for literature as a weapon against Japanese aggression, how did they attempt to reach even the illiterate? "With the use of <em>national forms</em> like folk theater and storytelling.<br>There were also living newspapers (""dramatic harangues on current events"")"
+HHz7]BB{U. Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form Who assumed leadership of the All China League of Resistance Writers, when it was newly formed? Lao She.
+K,6f`J=)=w Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form What transformed <em>baihua</em> further after it's initial popularization in May Fourth? "<ul><li>""massification,</li><li>revolutionary literature,</li><li>the war against Japan,</li><li>and especially the wartime emergence of a socialist society in Communist base areas and its subsequent expansion throughout China during and after the civil war.</li></ul>"
+Q_b1]BGK[X Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form What's another Chinese term for <em>baihua</em> as established during May Fourth? national language 国语
+JKcRW&,g%v Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form What are some aspects of the militarization of language and literature during the Second Sino-Japanese War? "<ul>
+ <li>""Courage, determination, and even ruthlessness became exalted qualities in every field of endeavor""</li>
+ <li>written discourse: ""standardized rhetoric of battle, weapons, front lines, and enemies.""</li>
+ <li>""Even writers [...] almost invariably peppered their expression with militant and patriotic catchphrases""</li>
+ <li>""In the Communist base areas, militarization of everyday language blended with politically correct Maoist jargon:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>“class background,”</li><li>“bad elements,” and</li><li>“counterrevolutionary”""</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+qplXK,zVRF Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::03.2 The Entrenchment of Revolutionary Language and Form Why was it important in Communist base areas to know the lingo? """Becoming a good citizen in Mao’s republic largely meant acquiring the special language and concepts of Chinese communism and being able to tell the story of one’s own life adeptly using this language and these concepts. Communist Party leaders learned that perhaps the most effective way to guarantee political conformity was to recreate knowledge and language in their own image and impose it on their citizens (Apter and Saich 1994)"""
+p[U6,aY^9! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling Ding Ling is a pen name, what's her other name? Jiang Bingzhi 蒋冰之 (1904–1986)
+K=|mQTC`K< Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling Why do some critics say Ding Ling betrayed feminism? "<ul>
+ <li>""Ding Ling is known especially as a feminist and a revolutionary.</li>
+ <li>[...] critics, especially Western feminists,
+believe that after Mao’s “Yan’an Talks” in 1942 she betrayed feminism in favor
+of the socialist struggle.</li>
+ <li>Indeed, when she emerged again in the early 1980s after [...] her denunciation as a rightist in
+1957,</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>she decried Western feminism and</li><li>showed remarkable faith in the future
+of socialism.""</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>or maybe her feminism became less individualistic:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>""She came to think of Western feminism as
+self-indulgent and</li><li>to believe that the best interest of women (as of all people)
+lay in socialism, not in liberal individualism""</li><li>""For her, a woman’s fate is always linked to that of her nation. In this sense, Ding Ling remained committed to the cause of revolution and feminism, a path on which she traveled and suffered, sometimes alone, sometimes with others, for more than sixty years, insisting to the end that in comparison with her cause, her personal sufferings were insignificant.</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+QRxvAut8R, Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What was Ding Ling's mother like? "<ul><li>""unconventional and rebellious""</li><li>""widowed when Ding Ling was three years old,</li><li>earned a degree in education and made her own living by teaching at newly reformed schools.""</li><li>""virtually unthinkable for a gentry-class widow at that time""</li></ul>"
+zU0l?uqt:~ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling Ding Link wrote a book in 1933 thought to be drawn from the model of her own mother, describe it. """Ding Ling’s unfinished “Mother” (1933)<br><ul><li>recounts the story of a mother and her sworn sisters who</li><li>unbind their feet,</li><li>abandon their gentry-class life,</li><li>take part in a movement for social reform,</li><li>and learn to put the nation’s interest before their own.""</li></ul>"
+PVgjr>qhZf Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling How did Ding Ling come to move to the big city? She fled to defy an arrange marriage and pursued a writing career there.
+i@2oDB:[qp Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What was Ding Lings first published essay? "<ul><li>""she published her first essay in the local newspaper,</li><li>exposing the unsavory deeds of her maternal uncle, a local despot, and</li><li>denouncing the social system to which he belonged.</li><li>To avoid her prearranged betrothal to this man’s son, she fled with the help of her mother to Shanghai.""</li></ul>"
+F?whT!oFd> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling After moving to Shanghai, what was Ding Ling's education? "<ul><li>""women’s college set up by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao"" (2 of the CCP founders)</li><li>""Chinese Literature at Shanghai University""</li><li>private painting lessons in Beijing</li></ul>"
+HdxO.>G$zG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What's Ding Ling's first published short story? Mengke 梦珂 (1927)
+zT3,-H[GT, Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What's Ding Ling's second story? "Miss Sophie's Diary ""became an instant success"""
+RjZu(WR6Ia Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What were many of Ding Ling's early works about? "<ul><li>""“modern girls”—educated youngurban women—</li><li>and their desires, frustrations, aspirations, and hopes""</li></ul>"
+z[Rns3Y.kL Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What set Ding Ling's writing about love apart from the portrayal by other May Fourth writers like Bing Xin, Lu Yin and Su Xuelin, Feng Yuanjun? "<ul><li>""she was perhaps the first to portray female sexual desire""</li><li>""psychological complexity and sexuality of her female characters""</li><li>""Sophie’s tortured self-scrutiny"",</li><li>the diary form,</li><li>platonic love more dominent in writings of other May Fourth writers.</li></ul>"
+nxiS?(t47 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What are some examples of foreign names in Ding Ling's early works? "<ul><li>Mon Coeur in ""Mengke""</li><li>Sophie in ""Miss Sophie's Diary""</li><li>Wendy in ""A Woman and a Man""</li><li>Mary in ""Shanghai, Spring 1930""</li></ul>"
+gz]sg*:|hl Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What is a shift in Ding Ling's writing that starts in the 1930s? """from expressing the subjective life of her characters toward portraying their social milieu."""
+e8KT!*RU)R Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling Did Ding Ling ever have an editor job? She was editor-in-chief at Big Dipper (organ of League of Left-Wing Writers).
+q+$Tfx%]vd Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What was an important life event for Ding Ling in 1931? """In early 1931, Ding Ling’s husband, Hu Yepin, and four other young league writers were captured and executed by the Guomindang"""
+t*aYnlCtUi Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling How did Ding Ling come to Yan'an? She was kidnapped and put under house arrest in 1933 and escaped imprisonment in Nanjing 1936 to Yan'an.
+kHPgBTRw8y Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What did Ding Ling do in Yan'an? "
+<ul><li>""she taught Chinese literature at the Red Army Academy and was given responsibilities for political training""</li><li>and criticized treatment of women, e.g. in stories:</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>When I Was in Xia Village</li><li>In the Hospital</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>essay: Thoughts on March Eighth</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>""Ding Ling uses the official Communist policy that men
+and women are equal partners in the revolutionary cause to criticize the practice in Yan’an where women were subordinate to men in revolutionary organizations and were assigned social status according to the status of their husbands.""</li>
+ </ul>
+</ul>"
+z-hI-^3mpZ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What are some of the main points of the Yan'an talks? "<ul><li>""literature and art should be subordinate to politics,</li><li>writers should overcome
+their remaining petit-bourgeois subjectivism and</li><li>write about and for the
+“masses” (workers, peasants, and soldiers)</li><li>in order to mobilize them in the
+struggle against the Japanese, and</li><li>writers should make use of Chinese national
+forms and folk traditions.""</li></ul>"
+u3vCIxqy)w Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling After Mao's redefinition of the role of writer in the Yan'an Talks, what kind of culture did Ding Ling produce? "<ul>
+ <li>""Ding Ling joined a reporters’ group</li><li>and later a propaganda team and</li><li>went to the battlefront in the war against Japan.</li><li>She wrote plays and performed on stage for soldiers and villagers.</li><li>To communicate with the illiterate masses, the cultural workers utilized popular traditional forms such as</li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>drum songs,</li><li>clapper talk,</li><li>two-person acts,</li><li>and comic cross talk.""</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li>""her fiction begins to paint a broad picture of a village or other collectives""</li>
+</ul>"
+kpj:%7&N=q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling For which work did Ding Ling receive the Stalin Prize for literature? The Sun Shines over Sanggan River (1948)
+qB&I=bshic Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling On what experiences is the plot of <em>The Sun Shines over Sanggan River</em> based? "Ding Ling's socialist realist novel <em>The Sun Shines over Sanggan River</em> was ""based on material collected when she took part in village land reform""."
+LPRf&CP;qN Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What did Ding Ling do in the early PRC? "<ul><li>She was a leading intellectual and wrote pro-socialist essays, literary critcism and stories.</li><li>She was persecuted anyway as a ""chief member of two antiparty cliques"" and sent to a Northeast China for 12 years,</li><li>imprisoned 5 years in Cultural Revolution, rehabilitated 1976 and started writing again.</li></ul>"
+jixT+6w=x- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling Are there any works focused on individual women in Ding Ling's later work? "There was a novella ""Du Wenxiang"" written 1966 and revised 1978, focusing on one woman. The woman is a model socialist woman."
+Gq)iiWFE`> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling What are some virtues of the model socialist women in Ding Ling's Du Wanxiang? "<ul><li>""an ordinary farmer who wins the respect of others by leading a humble yet glorious life full of traditional womanly virtues:</li><li>she is hardworking, selfless, considerate, accommodating, and unassuming.</li><li>Here the rebellious, restless, and inquisitive modern girl in Ding Ling’s early fiction has completely given way to the traditional feminine virtues that the socialist system reaffirmed.""</li></ul>"
+Hmv$uAd.as Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::17 Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling "What was Ding Ling's position on ""spiritual pollution""?" "The supported the campaign against it. ""spiritual pollution"" was a political catchphrase for Western cultural influence in the post-Mao period."
+K]1&~.xVPJ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists When were The New Sensationists active? """took shape in the late 1920s and flourished in the early to mid-1930s."""
+Fkz2UP>={D Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What was the cultural background against which the New Sensationists established themselves? <ul><li>Nationalist goverment on the right (conservative)</li><li>League of Left-Wing Writers on the left (radical Marxist)</li><li>New Senationists try out new ideas to describe milieu of Shanghai</li></ul>
+mYtyfiXo~t Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What are some aspects of the material culture of 1920s Shanghai? "<ul><li>""dance halls,</li><li>cinemas,</li><li>nightclubs,</li><li>department stores,</li><li>skyscrapers, and</li><li>racetracks.""</li><li>""cars,</li><li>cigarettes,</li><li>alcoholic beverages, and</li><li>stylish clothes"",</li><li>""neon lights""</li><li>""jazz""</li></ul>"
+kbwxZ6Zdbl Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What's an important difference between Chinese modernism and modernism in other parts of the world? "<ul><li>Chinese modernists ""did not outright reject the city and the modernization and development"", instead the urban culture ""attracted them"".</li><li>They viewed the city with ""a combination of excitement and fear"".</li></ul>"
+l1j_.aoE`V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What are the New Sensation<strong>al</strong>ists? "<ul><li>A group of Japanese writers known as <em>Shinkankakuha</em> or <em>New Sensationalists</em>, a decade before the Chinese modernists.</li><li>
+The Chinese modernists, by contrast, are called <em>New Sensationists</em>.</li><li>The Chinese group named itself after the Japanese one and both tried to ""create a language that could account for the new sensations of modernity"".</li></ul>"
+dJBBN|3PMI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What are some psychological themes of the New Sensationists? "<ul><li>""repression</li><li>obsession</li><li>eroticism""</li><li>""loneliness</li><li>anxiety</li><li>alienation of the city""</li></ul>"
+yX/I9-.n5k Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists How did New Sensationism begin? With <em>Liu Na'ou</em> (1900–1939), studied literature in Japan and French in Shanghai.
+G6d6uP=a(y Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What are some journals asociated with the New Sensationists? "<ul>
+ <li>Published by Liu Na'ou and later closed by nationalists: <em>Trackless Train</em>.</li>
+ <li>La Nouvelle Littérature</li>
+ <li>Les Contemporains</li>
+</ul>"
+pWtT}eZQ1K Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What was the political position of the journal <em>Les Contemporains</em>? Apolitical.
+o,_=!)YWNm Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What's <em>One Evening in the Rainy Season</em> (1929)? It's a Shi Zhecun story about the internal struggle of the narrator between repressed desire and guilt it elicits.
+j*GeRimG:+ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists "What are some of the setbacks experienced by the characters in ""Five in a Nightclub"" (1933)?" "<ul><li>""a tycoon loses his fortune;</li><li>a student is jilted by his girlfriend;</li><li>a socialite discovers she has lost her youth;</li><li>a scholar questions the significance of his work;</li><li>a senior city clerk is unexpectedly fired from his job.""</li><li>""The drummer for the club’s band cannot get time off to be with his wife, who is about to give birth."" (dies in childbirth)</li></ul>"
+y~YB.t>?5f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists Did the New Sensationists only do fiction? Poetry too, e.g. <em>Dai Wangshu</em> wrote modernist poetry, but it was rarely set in the city and also drew on classical works.
+r0J0Qm7u_p Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What's interesting about Dai Wangshu's use of lilacs in poetry? <ul><li>Showed knowledge of French symbolism,</li><li>but also of traditional Chinese poetry.</li></ul>
+A;|B?9GM~_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists What are some reasons for the end of the New Sensationists? "<ul><li>""slowed significantly in the mid-1930s</li><li>and the group ultimately disbanded as a result of political critiques and the threat of war with Japan</li><li>Shi Zhecun abandoned his experimental writing because of criticism from the League of Left-Wing Writers""</li><li>""leftist polemics,</li><li>Nationalist censorship, and</li><li>financial pressures from [...] publishers""</li></ul>"
+Kz-@J%Hx,? Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists When did modernist experimentation briefly resume after the end of the <em>New Sensationists</em>? <ul><li>Eileen Chang in Japanese-occuppied Shanghai of the early 1940s did a lot of stuff with sensory images, but concentrated more on domestic spaces.</li><li>1950s Taiwan poetry, e.g. Ji Xian</li></ul>
+xZ]}PY~3C_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::21 Chinese Modernism: The New Sensationists Did chinese modernism contribute to later cultural developments? Yes, Modernism contributed to the development of Misty poetry and Avant-garde fiction.
+L]Z_=1BCB1 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::15 The Madman That Was Ah Q: Tradition and Modernity in Lu Xun's Fiction What was Lu Xun's first collection of short fiction, and what are the two most famous works in it? "The collection is called <em>Call to Arms</em> or 吶喊 <em>Nàhǎn</em> (1923) and the best known stories in it are:
+<ul>
+ <li><em>Diary of a Madman</em> or 狂人日記 <em>Kuángrén Rìjì</em> (1918),</li>
+ <li><em>The True Story of Ah Q</em> or 阿Q正傳 <em>Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn</em> (1921).</li>
+</ul>"
+n:m)N@!N`c Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::15 The Madman That Was Ah Q: Tradition and Modernity in Lu Xun's Fiction Name some works of Lu Xun other than <em>Diary of a Madman</em> and <em>The True Story of Ah Q</em>. <ul><li>Kong Yiji (1919)</li><li>Medicine (1919)</li><li>In the Wine Shop (1924)</li><li>Old Tales Retold (1936)</li></ul>
+k4?WD3.6sM Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::15 The Madman That Was Ah Q: Tradition and Modernity in Lu Xun's Fiction What's special about the language of the very beginning of <em>Diary of a Madman</em> as opposed to the diary proper? The preface is written in classical Chinese, and the diary proper in the vernacular.
+j,+:7:^[o% Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::15 The Madman That Was Ah Q: Tradition and Modernity in Lu Xun's Fiction What does the madman start to see between the lines? "<blockquote>
+ In ancient times, as I recollect, people often ate human beings, but I am
+rather hazy about it. I tried to look this up, but my history has no chronol-
+ogy, and scrawled all over each page are the words: “Virtue and Morality.”
+Since I could not sleep anyway, I read intently half the night, until I
+began to see words between the lines, the whole book being filled with
+the two words—“Eat people.” (Lu Xun 1977: 10)
+</blockquote>"
+xu8B[I6iAP Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::15 The Madman That Was Ah Q: Tradition and Modernity in Lu Xun's Fiction Whose demise does Kong Yiji represent? That of the Confucian literati class.
+M`kfa=RzJH Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::The Columbia Companion to Modern Chinese Literature::15 The Madman That Was Ah Q: Tradition and Modernity in Lu Xun's Fiction What's Lu Xun's home town? Shaoxing.
+LYkzn?vyJ= Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Yuanmingyuan looted and destroyed? "During Second Opium War in 1860, or more prceisely:
+<dl>
+ <dt>First loooting and acts of destruction by French and British troops:</dt>
+ <dd>1860 October 6<sup>th</sup></dd>
+
+ <dt>Burning, ordered by Lord Elgin:</dt>
+ <dd>1860 October 18<sup>th</sup></dd>
+</dl>"
+i={e+CpRcp Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years In which year was the <em>Hundred Days Reform</em>? 1898
+E5*bt_gy:6 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Cixi declare war against the foreign powers? 1900 June 21<sup>st</sup>
+LdxO{gw1dT Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years After the boxer rebellion, in which year was a failed attempt at revolution under Sun Yat-sen? 1890
+CsKs4x[uX9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Cixi die? 1908, shortly after death of Guangxu Emperor.
+BWG@)eTFqG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did the Guangxu emperor die? 1908, shortly before the death of Cixi.
+E1D88%m8x9 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years In which year was the Wuchang Uprising? "<p>
+1911 October 9<sup>th</sup>
+</p>
+<p>
+I could not find any other sources for this, but the german summary of Wasserstrom at one point says the Wuchang ""revolution"" was in 1912: ""Nach der Wuchang-Revolution
+von 1912 [...]"" (S.12), then half a paragraph later ""in der Revolution von 1911"". In the original Wasserstrom, I could find no reference to a Wuchang ""revolution"" in 1912, only the uprising in 1911, and other sources consistently give the year 1911. Don't quote me on this but I <em>think</em> this is an oversight in the summary.
+</p>"
+lL/ERb.%.V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was Sun Yat-sen elected president? End of 1911.
+KdwB*2Ql5B Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did the Qīng formally abdicate? 1912 February 12<sup>th</sup>
+"D&$kZ}p#7]" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Yuan Shikai become president? 1912 (until 1916)
+C|G**CRq+b Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Yuan Shikai stop being president? 1916, by dying.
+x2;APrIJX} Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Japan issue the 21 demands? 1915 January
+bNdWkgZd(L Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When is national humiliation day? 1915 May 25<sup>th</sup>
+"r/X!#l(_^i" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years Which years in the Warlord Era saw great famines? <ul><li>1920–1921</li><li>1928–1930</li></ul>
+F:gv/B?sJ^ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Mao Zedong observe a peasant uprising during the Nanjing Decade? 1927
+"z&BpCO8g#m" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was Mao Zedong born? 1893
+NrIjO:9f1/ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Mao first leave Hunan for Beijing? 1918
+P7e-LtZ9Hi Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Shanghai Massacre against the Communists? 1927
+oUcY{ERCbE Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years Date of a detonation that Japan understood as an act of aggression? The date of the <em>Mukden incident</em> is 1931 September 18<sup>th</sup>.
+unyp$NxmeB Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Marco Polo Bridge incident? 1937 July 7<sup>th</sup>
+fXbsp9?:p_ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Japan retaliate for the lynching of a japanese monk? 1931 January, Shanghai is bombarded for about a month.
+IdoigQ1}<) Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Chiang go to Xi'an to fight the communists? 1936
+Nu1DDx/yWP Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did the full-scale invasion of China start? 1937 July
+h4Q;<3Z}N$ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When are the <em>War Years</em>, according to Rana Mitter? 1937–1949
+QpW])%B@qd Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years In what year did the Japanese capture Beiping? Beiping was captured 1937.
+AgMkKLPMQj Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the high point of Chongqing bombardement by the Japanese? 1939 May 3<sup>rd</sup>–1939 May 4<sup>th</sup>
+J(kru~H!9/ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did the USA enter the war in Asia? Declaration of war against Japan was 1941 December 8<sup>th.</sup>
+cXi(V.]oUZ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the PRC founded? 1949
+fU!4;e5tXa Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the <em>Operation Ichi-gō?</em> 1944
+f65K7XePk5 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the new marriage law of the PRC introduced? 1950
+"K#`MIoU#)J" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did the Great Leap Forward start? 1958 January
+kcrEB)7V`* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the <em>Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance</em> signed? 1950
+p.D%KpI`P[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Stalin die? 1953
+F[csjveV=V Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years For which years was the first five-year-plan? 1953–1957
+s^V@:K;Fyz Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Mao decide to establish 200–300 household cooperatives? 1955 July
+"yt&90#e8E" Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Hundred Flowers Movement? 1956 April
+rG|J=UY::$ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Anti-Rightist Campaign? 1957–1958
+tHME{p<UtY Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Lushan Conference? 1959 July–August
+uYxDXk6Ir. Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years After the Great Leap Forward, what were Mao's year of political inactivity? 1961–1964
+ws^Jd^YDJS Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the little red book published? 1964
+AC8?@tQ=^~ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Cultural Revolution? 1964–1976, the radical phase starts 1966
+QH]q*XQ47n Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the prelude phase of the cultural revolution? 1964–1966
+vdemC)xbQZ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the radical phase of the cultural revolution? 1966–1968
+i}=i!;Y@^U Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the late-Maoist phase of the cultural revolution? 1968–1976
+Oeg{@+TK/[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years In which year was the bloody August? 1966
+p:Yy;3N=O! Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Lin Biao die? 1971 September 13<sup>th</sup>
+J|&N&Uqq{f Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the tenth party congress, were Deng Xiapoing among others, was rehabilitated? 1973
+CmtJNoYGtg Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Liu Shaoqi die? 1969
+m[+6|AOe!* Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did France recognize the PRC? 1964
+jSJ;$QSTnt Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the border conflict with the UdSSR? 1969
+z]~XSc5Vw- Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did China gain nuclear capabilities? 1964
+vWLWduYZDG Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Henry Kissinger visit China? 1971 July
+P|u~SOY54S Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did US troops leave Taiwan? 1979
+DjD8.I9!4x Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did China capture the Xisha islands from South Vietnam? 1974
+l[hFuEq-Pr Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When were the Tian'anmen protests? 1989
+C&|trg<fud Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the succession of Mao resolved? 1979 December, by then most supported Deng.
+f40w7F7w[; Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Democracy Wall appear on the scene? 1978
+KZ3^6NgnJE Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Deng make his Four Cardinal Principles known? 1979
+H)qcYL7z9m Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was Hu Yaobang kicked from his position? 1987
+nE44Cjv[!l Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Joint-Venture-Law? 1979
+u7]Ze,1E3> Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When were the first four Special Economic Zones designated? 1980
+v?)H(,QJET Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the campaign against spiritual pollution? 1987
+P7.3A+f)7I Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was Yellow Earth by Chen Kaige published? 1984
+H^eESKlQYn Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was Red Sorghum published? 1987
+sT`X+KkNxy Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When were grain subsidies stopped? 1984
+G-,OK=7M*L Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did the PRC replace Taiwan in the UN? 1971
+OaFu.uAm7$ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did US-China relations normalize? 1979
+hxEVrY+^YT Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Deng go on his tour of the south? 1992
+EMboOQ[u-[ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the Hong Kong handover ceremony? 1997
+LV$Nsy>7VJ Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was Macao handed back to China? 1999
+v?C!cV^s_c Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years Since when is China part of the WTO? 2001
+J^x29cfU25 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Hu Yaobang die? 1989
+sC4G:veU}p Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the <em>Fourth World Conference on Women</em>? 1995
+hT<:jEBu_q Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When were the Olympic Summer Games in Beijing? 2008
+f)91Yrhd=] Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the World's Fair in Shanghai? 2010
+Cv&KSo>D8r Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Jiang Zemin step down? 2000
+pX/Y^@BSQI Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Liu Xiaobo get the nobel peace prize? 2010
+IF5s>q,KU5 Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When were the Sichuan earthquakes documented by Ai Weiwei? 2008
+emJhG&GcAO Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When did Xi Jinping take over? 2012
+MbN^&s^{fC Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years Whenm did Liu Xiaobo die? 2017
+i=0L|$5KcF Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the one child policy introduced? 1979
+gW9ZrCI>iD Introduction to Chinese Cultural History::Years When was the umbrella movement? 2014
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{
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}